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Glomerulosclerosis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Glomeruli are the functional units of the kidneys that enable nephrons to filter waste products such as urea out of the blood. Glomerulosclerosis is scarring or hardening of the glomeruli. This damage can result in proteinuria (loss of large amounts of protein [i.e., albumen] from the blood into the urine), microscopic hematuria (blood and casts in the urine), hypertension, and the nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria plus low albumen and high fat in the blood along with edema in the legs feet or ankles). Glomerulosclerosis may develop in children or adults. African Americans are at higher risk.
Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
The underlying glomerular disease is treated if possible. Diuretics help to control the oedema and lipid-lowering drugs are used for hypercholesterolaemia. In severe cases, anticoagulation is used to prevent venous thrombosis.
Potential of Fenugreek in Management of Kidney and Lung Disorders
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Amit D. Kandhare, Anwesha A. Mukherjee-Kandhare, Subhash L. Bodhankar
Glomerulonephritis or nephritis is a severe and life-threatening illness that occurs due to inflammation of the glomeruli. Although prevalence is low, nephritis can be rapidly progressive and the patient may need immediate treatment. Additionally, damage to the glomerulus results in arterial hypertension and renal failure. Glomerulonephritis includes many diseases, namely anti- GBM antibody disease, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis (McAdoo and Pusey 2017). The pathophysiology remains unknown for glomerulonephritis; however, bacterial and viral infections have been encountered frequently during a clinical investigation (Couser and Johnson 2014). The recommended treatment regimen for glomerulonephritis includes daily administration of oral steroids such as cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange to decrease the serum levels of anti-GBM antibodies. Although these therapies are more efficient in removing antibodies from serum, their cost and availability have acted as limitations in widespread clinical practice.
Synergistic deterioration of prognosis associated with decreased grip strength and hyporesponse to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients undergoing hemodialysis
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Shizuka Kobayashi, Kentaro Tanaka, Junichi Hoshino, Shigeko Hara, Akifumi Kushiyama, Yoshihide Tanaka, Shuta Motonishi, Ken Sakai, Takashi Ozawa
As shown in Figure 1, 175 subjects were included in the analysis. The baseline characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1. The subjects included 122 (69.7%) males and 53 (30.3%) females, with a mean age and dialysis history of 68.1 ± 11.4 years and 7.7 ± 10.1 years, respectively. The primary diseases were diabetic nephropathy (n = 79, 45.1%), nephrosclerosis (n = 14, 8.0%), chronic glomerulonephritis (focal glomerulosclerosis [focal segmental glomerular sclerosis], IgA-nephropathy, ANCA-associated nephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: n = 44, 25.1%), polycystic kidney disease (n = 8, 4.6%), unknown (n = 18, 10.3%), and others (n = 12, 6.9%). The type of ESA was rHuEPO in 93 cases (53.1%) and DA in 61 cases (34.9%). At the time of enrollment, 21 patients (12.0%) were ESA-naive.
Changes in the spectrum of kidney diseases: a survey of 2803 patients from 2010 to 2018 at a single center in southeastern China
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Linfeng Zheng, Luxia Tu, Haowen Huang, Li Zhang, Ying Wang, Jing Zhou, Qinkai Chen, Xin Wei
However, with the increasing incidence of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus; an aging population; and environmental pollution, the spectrum of CKD has changed significantly over the past several decades [1,5]. To date, although PGN continues to be the most common cause of CKD, secondary reasons are also of significance [4]. Zhou FD et al. reported that from 1993 to 2007, the spectrum of PGN changed dramatically, as the frequency of non-IgA MsPGN, endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (EnPGN), and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) decreased significantly, while that of MCD and IgAN increased significantly within the past 15 years [6]. In addition, a subsequent study conducted at the same center from 2003 to 2012 revealed that the frequency of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN) doubled from 16.8 to 29.35% [7]. Moreover, a study from the southeastern USA reported that the frequency of diabetic glomerulosclerosis increased dramatically over the past three decades (1986–2015), suggesting that the frequency of other common glomerular diseases remained stable or has declined [8]. The temporal trends varied in different areas and races because of genetic variants, socioeconomic status, and living environments [9,10].
Preclinical evaluations of Norcantharidin liposome and emulsion hybrid delivery system with improved encapsulation efficiency and enhanced antitumor activity
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Zixu Liu, Linxuan Zhao, Xinyi Tan, Zixuan Wu, Ning Zhou, Nan Dong, Yu Zhang, Tian Yin, Haibing He, Jingxin Gou, Xing Tang, Song Gao
The significantly increased tumor-targeting and reduced toxicity of NLEH can be ascribed to the unique structure and characteristics of liposome-emulsion hybrid delivery system. The increased tumor-targeting accumulation of NLEH in vivo could be ascribed to prolonged blood circulation, reduced clearance, improved uptake and the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Furthermore, the RES effect caused the concentration of NCTD in the spleen and liver to be higher than that of NCTD solution. In NLEH, over 80% of the NCTD was encapsulated in the preparations, which largely avoided the distribution into the heart. The reduced nephrotoxicity of NLEH might be the reduced NCTD concentration in the original urine. The formation of original urine is a filtration process by which the blood that passes through the glomerulus is filtered out. However, the pore size of the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus is 40–60 nm [53]. After administration of NLEH, part of the NCTD remains associated with liposomes, emulsions or NPC, which prevents NCTD from passing through the glomerulus. Therefore, NLEH can decrease nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity and increase tumor-targeting capacity.