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Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
In periodontitis or pyorrhea, there is invasion and destruction of gingival tissue by a mixture of bacteria that includes spirochetes, Bacteroides and the bacteria listed above that cause the milder form of gingivitis. The most common causative agents appear to be Treponema vincentii and Bacteroides melaninogenicoccus. Eventually the growth of the bacteria can erode the bone holding the teeth, resulting in their loss.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Dental Tissues
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Febe Carolina Vázquez Vázquez, Jael Adrián Vergara-Lope Núñez, Juan José Montesinos, Patricia González-Alva
The gingival tissue can often be obtained as a discarded biological sample. Recently, G-MSCs were isolated from human gingiva; the cells exhibited clonogenicity, self-renewal and multipotent differentiation capacity. These cells also possess both stem cell-like and immunomodulatory properties and display positive signals for Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Nestin, SSEA-4 and Stro-1 (Liu et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2011).
Lipopolysaccharide from Oral Bacteria: Role in Innate Host Defense and Chronic Inflammatory Disease
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Brian W. Bainbridge, Richard P. Darveau
LPS is present on the tooth surface in amounts sufficient to activate cells (41), and the LPS is able to permeate the gingival tissues (12,87). Cells of the gingival tissue may respond by the production of various inflammatory mediators (68,69,73,77,80). Normally such mediators are part of a beneficial host response to a bacterial challenge and lead to suppression of the bacterial presence. However, in inflammatory diseases, these mediators have a destructive role (Fig. 4). Each cell type may respond with a different array of mediators or a different level of mediator (41,62,64,68,88). Cell types may require different quantities of LPS to activate or may have different responses to LPS from different species (62,64,68,77,88).
The potential impact of salivary peptides in periodontitis
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2021
Christophe Hirtz, Robin O’Flynn, Pierre Marie Voisin, Dominique Deville de Périère, Sylvain Lehmann, Sofia Guedes, Francisco Amado, Rita Ferreira, Fábio Trindade, Rui Vitorino
Dental-plaque induced lesions (gingivitis) can be either strictly related to plaque or influenced by local and/or systemic modifying factors. Periodontitis is diagnosed clinically by the presence of gingival changes, as evidenced by gingivitis and the presence of a deep gingival sulcus (space between the tooth and gingival tissue) or pocket, which reflects loss of attachment of the periodontal ligament to the tooth root surface [2]. Generally, the inflammatory process starts in the gums (gingiva) and leads to gingivitis, which can usually be reversed by improved oral hygiene [3]. If left untreated, the inflammation of the gums will develop into periodontitis, an irreversible and destructive inflammatory process that affects the surrounding tissues and the supporting alveolar bone [4]. This inflammatory process damages the tissue and results in loss of collagen fibers and of the attachment to the cementum surface; the connecting epithelium migrates toward the root apex [5] and results in deeper periodontal pockets and alveolar bone loss [6,7]. If left untreated, periodontitis will continue to cause bone damage, which will lead to tooth mobility, pain, impaired function, and eventually tooth loss [8].
The cytotoxic and oxidative effects of restorative materials in cultured human gingival fibroblasts
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Neslihan Celik, Damla Binnetoglu, Nurcan Ozakar Ilday, Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu, Nilgun Seven
Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Atatürk University Faculty of Dentistry ethical committee of (2016/23). Cultured human gingival fibroblast cells (HGFCs) were used and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent forms were obtained from the patients. The gingival tissue samples were obtained from tissue overlying impacted third molars and were cultured under laboratory conditions. The cells were transferred to a 25 cm2 cell culture flask in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) (Hyclone, Cramlington, England) containing 1% gentamicin and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany). At the end of the seventh day, the cells’ growth and their distribution at the bottom of the flask were evaluated.
IL-1β strengthens the physical barrier in gingival epithelial cells
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2020
Kim Natalie Stolte, Carsten Pelz, Cynthia V. Yapto, Jan-Dirk Raguse, Henrik Dommisch, Kerstin Danker
Although TJs vary in composition, the tetraspan transmembrane proteins occludin (OCLN) and members of the claudin (CLDN) family have been identified in all stratified mammalian epithelia.26 The cytoplasmic parts of these transmembrane proteins are associated with a dense plaque structure containing proteins such as ZO-1.26,27 Knock-out experiments revealed that CLDN-1 is essential for sealing the epidermis.17 Since healthy gingival tissue can only be examined in a limited way, there are little data available to describe the healthy human situation in the gingiva. The expression of claudin-1, −2, and occludin has been shown in primary and immortalized gingival keratinocytes.28,29,30,31 Gene expression analyses of multilayer gingival epithelial cell cultures showed a strong expression of claudin-1, −4, −12, −17, −25, JAM-A, and occludin.32 At the protein level, claudin-1, −4, −5, and occludin were found to be expressed in primary and immortalized human gingival keratinocytes.29,33