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Critically Reading Research Articles:
Published in Lynne M. Bianchi, Research during Medical Residency, 2022
Lynne M. Bianchi, James A. DeLullo
Read the title, look at the headings and subheadings, check what methods are used, and read the abstract. Some like to read the abstract first, some prefer to scan the content first. The goal is to get a general sense of what the paper is about before you start reading.
The Ethical Body
Published in Roger Cooter, John Pickstone, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, 2020
Unfortunately, however, there are few studies to help us make general sense of the phenomena. Where historically-informed writing on modern medical ethics has not focused narrowly on ethical codes, it has tended to concentrate on the parts rather than the whole — on the history of abortion, euthanasia, embryo research, human experimentation, informed consent, the trade in body organs and so on. Much of the discussion, moreover, has been by and for contemporary philosophy, law, sociology and politics. With the partial exception of David Rothman’s study of the rise of bioethics in the US, Strangers at the Bedside (1991), which will be discussed below, no attempt has been made at a history of modern medical ethics in which the growth of the interest in the subject is seen as the problem demanding contextual explanation. At best, commentators within the field of medical ethics acknowledge “strong outside forces” and the importance of “the entire social context.”5 Even Rothman’s study refers more to developments within medicine than to those in society and culture as a whole. Trans-national comparisons meanwhile remain largely unexplored.
Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex makes up the largest proportion of the frontal cortex. It is responsible for executive processes, which in a general sense involve the ability to use sensory input from multiple modalities (i.e., visual, auditory) in the generation of appropriate responses (decision-making, planning, problem-solving, and thinking). The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has extensive connections with the rest of the brain, but input from the thalamus (primarily the ventral anterior and the mediodorsal nuclei) and output to the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia form the circuit of considerable importance.
From Freud to Android: Constructing a Scale of Uncanny Feelings
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2023
Rachele Benjamin, Steven J. Heine
This explanation draws upon contemporary theories of perception and cognition, but also builds on an early theoretical perspective: Ernst Jentsch (1906) framed uncanniness it as a general sense of uncertainty, and a lack of orientation. By his account, uncanny feelings arise from “the human desire for the intellectual mastery of one’s environment” (p. 16). Studies forwarding a category uncertainty explanation use morphed human-nonhuman images to demonstrate that participants attribute the least certainty, and least positive evaluations, to objects on the category boundary (e.g., Cheetham et al., 2015; Yamada et al., 2013). Lischetzke and colleagues (2017) found that participants presented with a continuum of morphed human and robot images ascribed eeriness to those that fell on the category boundary.
Identification of mite-specific eosinophils in the colon of patients with ulcerative colitis
Published in Autoimmunity, 2022
Shu-Wang Peng, Jiang-Ming Sheng, Bai-Sui Feng, Ke-Ping Peng, Gui-Xiang Tian, Cheng-Bai Liang, Ming-Hui Liu, Hai-Qing Xie, Qing Shu, Yan Li, Ping-Chang Yang
Following published data [7], UC activities were scored on a 13-point system, from 0 to 12, higher scores indicate more severe disease. (1) Stool frequency. Each patient had his or her own control to scale the abnormality of the stool frequency (0 = Normal number of stools for this patient; 1 = 1 to 2 stools more than normal; 2 = 3 to 4 stools more than normal; 3 = 5 or more stools more than normal; Subscore, 0 to 3), (2) rectal bleeding. The daily bleeding score represents the most severe bleeding of the day (0 = No blood seen; 1 = Streaks of blood with stool less than half the time; 2 = Obvious blood with stool most of the time; 3 = Blood alone passes; Subscore, 0 to 3); (3) findings on endoscopy [0 = Normal or inactive disease; 1 = Mild disease (erythema, decreased vascular pattern, mild friability); 2 = Moderate disease (marked erythema, lack of vascular pattern, friability, erosions); 3 = Severe disease (spontaneous bleeding, ulceration); subscore, 0 to 3]; (4) clinical doctor’s global appraisal. The doctor’s global appraisal focused on the patient’s daily recollection of abdominal discomfort and general sense of wellbeing, and other observations, such as physical findings and the patient’s performance status (0 = Normal; 1 = Mild disease; 2 = Moderate disease; 3 = Severe disease; Subscore, 0 to 3).
Against Multiplying Clinical Ethics Standards without Necessity: The Case for Parsimony in Evaluating Decision-making Capacity
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2022
Jeremy R. Garrett, John C. Moskop, J. Clint Parker
For a patient with an overriding preference to avoid a burden or to achieve a goal, what information would be significant in deciding to refuse a proposed treatment? We contend that such patients would need a basic understanding of the treatment and of its expected consequences with regard to the patient’s overriding concerns, an appreciation that these consequences apply to the patient, and an ability to express a treatment preference. Navin and colleagues describe patients in these circumstances in a way that acknowledges that they have a general sense of the treatment options and their potential consequences, including consequences for their overriding concerns. If that is the case, however, then these patients already satisfy the requirements of the (properly interpreted) standard account of DMC, and there is no need for novel criteria of DMC to recognize that they have capacity.