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Fucoidan
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Ellya Sinurat, Dina Fransiska, Nurhayati, Hari Eko Irianto
The ulcer is a frequent gastrointestinal illness that gives patients great pain, disrupts their daily routines, and creates mental anguish. It is more common among those who are always in a rush, worry a lot, and eat curries. Inflammation of the mucosa and tissue that protects the gastrointestinal system characterizes peptic ulcer disease. Peptic ulcers cause damage to the mucus membrane that typically shields the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum from gastric acid and pepsin (Maury et al., 2012).
Examination of the abdominal system
Published in Tracy Lapworth, Deborah Cook, Clinical Assessment, 2022
The gastrointestinal system includes the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The accessory organs include the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, bile ducts and spleen.An ABCDE assessment (Resuscitation Council (UK), 2021) may be needed before examination continues; the patient may be in acute abdominal pain so give analgesia at the earliest opportunity. It is important to rule out an emergency condition and assessment should focus on identifying patients with an acute abdomen that need urgent surgical referral and intervention, e.g. abdominal sepsis/peritonitis/intestinal obstruction and pancreatitisBe aware of verbal and non-verbal cues, e.g. grimacing and guardingInvestigate the problem with a holistic health history; refer to Table 1.6Associated symptoms for exploration: pain, relationship to food, nausea and/or vomiting (describe vomit), change in bowel habit, urinary changes, dysphagia, weight loss or gain, any change in appetite, change in micturition, risk of pregnancyBe aware of red flag markers: change in bowel habit, blood in stools, urine or vomit, past history of cancer
Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Jim Ballinger, Jacek Koziorowski
Imaging can be used to investigate disorders in transit in various parts of the gastrointestinal system. Rapid dynamic imaging as the patient swallows a small amount of 99mTc-labelled liquid or solid can be used to measure the esophageal transit time, which can be delayed in motility disorders, lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction, scleroderma, spasm, and achalasia. Gastroesophageal reflux with or without pulmonary aspiration can be particularly useful in children. Extension of a gastric emptying study can provide information about small-bowel transit time. However, studies of colon transit cannot be performed with 99mTc due to its half-life being too short; in this case 111In-DTPA is used [25].
Investigation of the Gastroprotective Effect of Betaine-Homocysteine Homeostasis on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Ethanol-Induced Ulcer Model
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Ayşe Çakır Gündoğdu, Fatih Kar, Cansu Özbayer
Gastric ulcers are one of the most frequent gastrointestinal system illnesses, affecting about 10% of the global population. This disease can be caused by bacterial infection, as well as by overexposure to xenobiotic substances, such as cigarettes and alcohol, or even by stress alone [1]. The ethanol-induced in vivo gastric ulcer model is widely used to investigate alcohol-induced pathological changes in the gastric mucosa and the protective effects of new potential therapeutic agents on the gastrointestinal tract. Oxidative stress that occurs during ulcer formation is one of the major causes that induce gastric injury characterized by edema in the mucosa, hemorrhagic damage, cellular sloughing, and infiltration of inflammatory cells [2, 3]. Aside from oxidative stress, ethanol often triggers an inflammatory response and activation of apoptosis [4, 5]. Therefore, natural compounds, targeting one or more of the aforementioned mechanisms may be promising candidates for the protection of the gastric mucosa in ulcers.
Recently approved and emerging drug options for migraine prophylaxis
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Enrico Bentivegna, Michelangelo Luciani, Valeria Ferrari, Silvia Galastri, Francesco Baldari, Francesco Scarso, Piera A. Lamberti, Paolo Martelletti
Elimination occurs mainly through amino acid catabolism [26] without any liver metabolism, so there are no interactions with other drugs or toxicity [27]. This category of drugs is surprisingly safe and has few side effects [27]. The most common side effects concerning gastrointestinal disorders, in particular constipation, were described in 3–4% of patients [26]; this side effect is probably exacerbated by other drugs, such as antidepressants, which affect the motility of the gastrointestinal system. Looking at the current evidence, it seems that the CGRP itself can reduce gastric emptying [26,27], inhibit colon contractions [27], and reduce food intake in rats [28,29]. The reported side effects could be treated without interfering with the therapeutic effect of the drug [26]. Despite their safe profile, adverse events due to chronic use of anti-CGRP drugs need to be studied in wider and more extensive clinical trials. CGRP appears to be involved in vascular adaptations to pregnancy and some uterine-placental functions. IgG-type antibodies pass through the human placenta, particularly after 22nd week. In the laboratory, rat pups exposed to a CGRP antagonist had limited growth or fetal death [13–15]. Data on human are minimal since few pregnant women have been treated with anti-CGRP Mab. For all these reasons, all anti-CGRP mAbs cannot be prescribed to adolescent or adult females who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or who are planning to become pregnant within the next 6 months [13–15].
Gastroprotective effect of Hyssopus officinalis L. leaves via reduction of oxidative stress in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in experimental rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Mohd Tahir, Md Azizur Rahman, Mohammad Khushtar
Most of the conventional drugs used in the treatment of PUD like H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, antacids and anticholinergics have undesirable side effects and drug interactions (Dashputre and Naikwade 2011). Sucralfate and prostaglandin analogs used in PUD may also have risks of drug interactions, adverse effects and increased incidence of relapse during ulcer therapy (Dashputre and Naikwade 2011). Hence, search has been focused on natural products with antiulcer property but without these side effects, adverse effects, drug interactions and relapse of PUD. Also, there have been a quite high number of traditional remedies worldwide using plants to treat various human disorders of gastrointestinal system such as stomachache and PUD since thousands of years (Saranya et al. 2011). The latest trends have shown an increasing demand of natural products and medicinal herbs which have been proven to have antiulcer activity (Khushtar et al. 2009). Plant kingdom is the foremost source of novel natural products with potential to be used as drugs or pharmaceutical mediators (Khushtar et al. 2009). According to the World Health Organization, more than 80% of the world population in developing countries depends primarily on plant-based medicines for basic healthcare needs (Khushtar et al. 2016). Further, the role of medicinal plants in disease prevention or control has been attributed to antioxidant properties of their constituents, usually associated to a wide range of amphipathic molecules, broadly termed as polyphenolic compounds (Farzaei et al. 2015).