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Nervous System
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Mark T. Butt, Alys Bradley, Robert Sills
Reactive astrocytes are sometimes readily apparent in H&E-stained sections, as the ability to visualize cytoplasm in an astrocyte is the main clue to the cell being diagnosed as “reactive.” But staining for GFAP greatly enhances the visualization of astrocytes and provides an efficient mechanism for determining whether or not there are increased numbers of astrocytes. Figures 22.7 and 22.8a and b demonstrate the usefulness of the GFAP stain in positively identifying an astrocytic reaction.
Neuropathology Evaluation of in Utero Correction of Myelomeningocele and Complications of Late-Onset GBS Infection
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Sarah Edminster, Tai-Wei Wu, Alexander Van Speybroeck, Jason Chu, Denise A. Lapa, Ramen H. Chmait, Linda J. Szymanski
The dural patch demonstrated an ingrowth of cells from the dermis into the patch (Fig. 3b). A Luxol fast blue stain showed diffuse loss of myelin staining of neural elements, especially at the fasciculus proprius anterior (Fig. 3b). A glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) stain demonstrated a glial response to the patch. H&E and CD34 stains emphasized blood vessel ingrowth from the host tissue into the dural patch (Fig. 3c,d). CD68 stain highlighted infrequent foreign body giant cells around the dural patch. A trichrome stain highlighted increased dermal collagen deposition with an ingrowth of dermal cells into the patch, leptomeningeal fibrosis, and subcutaneous scar tissue formation (Fig. 4a). The trichrome stain also emphasized neural elements that were incorporated into the dural patch, adhering the patch to the surrounding neural tissue (Fig. 4b). Similar findings have been reported in a fetal sheep model of experimentally induced MMC followed by corrective surgery using human acellular dermal matrix (HADM) patch compared to a biosynthetic cellulose (BC) (Fig. 4c,d) [4].
Prevention and mitigation of alcohol-induced neuroinflammation by Lactobacillus plantarum by an EGF receptor-dependent mechanism
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Pradeep K. Shukla, Avtar S. Meena, RadhaKrishna Rao
Microglia and astrocytes are the primary cells responsible for the immune response in the brain [26]. They recognize and respond to potential threats in the microenvironment in different brain regions [27]. Pathogen-associated and danger-associated molecular patterns target astrocytes and microglia, and activation of these cells releases proinflammatory cytokines creating a condition of neuroinflammation [27]. The activation marker of astrocytes is a glial GFAP that is upregulated by alcohol exposure in rats and the alcoholic human brain [4,26]. In the current study, we examined the GFAP expression by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. An increased GFAP stain in the cerebral cortex of ethanol-fed mice compared to that in pair-fed mice indicates that ethanol activates astrocytes in the current model. The microglia, the mononuclear macrophages in the brain, plays an essential role in immune surveillance and clearance of invading pathogens [28]. The transmembrane protein TMEM119 is exclusively expressed by a subset of microglia and is an excellent marker for microglia [29]. Ethanol feeding induced a dramatic elevation of TMEM119 stain in the cerebral cortex, suggesting that ethanol activates microglia. Interestingly, feeding L. plantarum almost completely attenuated ethanol-induced elevation of stain for both GFAP and TMEM119, suggesting that the intestinal L. plantarum blocks ethanol-induced activation of astrocytes and microglia. These data also indicate that the activation of microglia and astrocytes may mediate the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the ethanol-fed mouse brain.
The possible protective role of pimpinella anisum oil versus selenium on aspartame induced changes in rat cerebellar cortex: histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
Amira I. Shrief, Ahmed A.M Abdel-Hamid, Am Moustafa, E. El-Mohandes
At the end of the experiment, rats were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Cerebellum was rapidly obtained and processed to prepare paraffin sections for histological and immunohistochemical studies. Paraffin sections were stained with H&E and GFAP stain. Other, small specimens of cerebellum about 1 mm3 were fixed in a mixture of glutaraldehyde (2.5%) and paraformaldehyde (2.5%), post fixed in osmium tetraoxide (1%), dehydrated and embedded in resin to obtain semithin sections for staining with toluidine blue stain and ultrathin sections for examination by transmission electron microscope.