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Prosopagnosia
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
The difference between the two types of prosopagnosia that I have mentioned seems to lie in a brain region called the fusiform gyrus, located in the temporal lobe. In people with acquired prosopagnosia, this region is physically and permanently damaged (Barton, 2008). In people with developmental prosopagnosia, research suggests that this brain region has fewer brain cells, leading to a diminished face recognition ability (Garrido et al., 2009). To be a bit more specific, there are at least three different regions of the brain that respond to faces—sometimes called the fusiform face area, the occipital face area, and the face-selective superior temporal sulcus—and when a person looks at faces, those regions respond in somewhat different ways, showing that they have different jobs in the process of face identification (Liu et al., 2010). On average, damage to the right-side fusiform area is more likely to cause prosopagnosia than damage to the left-side fusiform area, and the evidence suggests that there are variants of prosopagnosia depending on the specific location of the damage, such as whether or not it's more of a vision or more of a memory issue (Albonico & Barton, 2019). That may sound straightforward, but trust me, it is not. While most researchers agree that damage to those brain regions, especially the fusiform gyrus, can lead to prosopagnosia, researchers certainly do not agree about the boundaries of the condition. That is: what exactly is prosopagnosia?
Psychoanalytic aspects of the fitness for duty psychological evaluation 1
Published in Jed A. Yalof, Anthony D. Bram, Psychoanalytic Assessment Applications for Different Settings, 2020
A subset of Delusional Disorders is known as misidentification syndromes. Examples include Capgras syndrome, the belief that a person has been replaced by a double, first described by Capgras and Rebul-Lachaux (1923, cited in Ellis, Whitely, & Luaute, 1994), and the Fregoli delusion, the belief that a known person is disguised as a different person (Courbon & Fail, 1927). Contemporary scientific psychopathology views misidentification syndromes as having a neuropsychiatric axis. Various medical conditions and neurological disorders have been linked to the development of misidentification syndromes. In some cases, abnormalities in the right cerebral hemisphere and the fusiform gyrus area (the seat of prosopagnosia, the inability to recognize faces) have been found (Ramachandrian, 1995; McKay & Dennet, 2009).
Losing and finding words and names
Published in Patrick Rabbitt, The Aging Mind, 2019
Problems with finding people’s names are different from difficulties with recognising their faces. A severe problem with face-recognition is termed prosopagnosia and results from damage to the fusiform gyrus, which is located along the lower margins of the temporal lobes of the brain. This seems to be a highly specialised area since those with severe damage to it cannot recognise faces at all but have little or no difficulty with all other means of identifying individuals, such as their voices, habitual clothes or body language. Prosopagnosia also does not seem to be an all-or-none condition. It can be genetically transmitted and occurs in up to 2.5 per cent of the normal population whose greater or lesser difficulties in recognising faces vary from “being rather bad with faces” to having quite severe problems. It is possible that some people whose brain aging causes greater than usual age-related losses of brain tissue, specifically in the fusiform gyrus, find it especially difficult to recognise faces. The various problems of finding words and names for faces that we have discussed could be caused by specific losses in each of these areas or, since they are rather far apart in the brain, by losses in the integrity of the connections between them. This is also an illustration that all brains do not age in the same way. General, diffuse changes affect us all, but, superimposed on these, we may experience different patterns of decline as changes in circulation with age affect different local systems in our brains.
Long term effects of red wine consumption in brain: an MRI, fMRI and neuropsychological evaluation study
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Lucas Zoppi Campane, Mariana Penteado Nucci, Marcelo Nishiyama, Marina Von Zuben, Edson Amaro Jr, Protasio Lemos da Luz
In the TBT paradigm, RW and ABST within each group showed an activation increase during the ACTIVE condition, predominantly in areas related to the cognitive demand of the paradigm. However, there was a difference between the groups regarding the interaction of beta COPE (increment of activation during the ACTIVE condition) values with IQ and age (Figure 3-E and F). Greater activation was found in the left occipital gyrus cortical areas among RW consumers with lower IQ values (Figure 3-E1), and in frontal poles and the left paracingulate gyrus/ anterior cingulate cortices among younger abstainers (Figure 3-F1). The occipital gyrus is part of the cortex of the occipital complex, a region that involves the lateral edge of the fusiform gyrus and is associated with the cognitive process of object recognition [25]. Studies of event-related potentials (ERPs) in patients with epilepsy refractory to drug treatment [26] suggest the existence of a subsystem centralized in cortical gyrus close to the occipitotemporal sulcus that could be involved in the recognition of letter shapes. Therefore, our results indicate that the activation of part of the cortex of the lateral occipital complex was being differently influenced by the IQ score between the groups, so that, only among RW consumers, lower cognitive ability was associated with higher recruitment of an area involved in the letter recognition process.
Resting state functional brain imaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder across genders
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Yinzhu Ma, Qing Zhao, Tingting Xu, Pei Wang, Qiumeng Gu, Zhen Wang
The decreased FC between the right parahippocampal gyrus and bilateral fusiform gyrus in fOCD patients and HCs was negatively correlated with symptom severity of OCD, depression, and anxiety, while no similar correlation was found between mOCD patients and HCs. The fusiform gyrus is involved in the processing of high-order visual information, particularly related to faces, bodies, and stimuli characterised by high spatial frequencies (Palejwala et al. 2020). This further explains why fOCD patients tend to have significantly higher depression and anxiety compared to that of mOCD patients (Mathes et al. 2019). Deng et al. (2019) found that patients with OCD showed lower voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity than HCs did in the fusiform gyrus, which supports our results. We hypothesise that decreased FC between the right parahippocampal gyrus and bilateral fusiform gyrus may underlie inhibitory impairment, resulting in excessive repetitive and worsened mood.
The influence of hormonal contraception on depression and female sexuality: a narrative review of the literature
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Laura Buggio, Giussy Barbara, Federica Facchin, Laura Ghezzi, Dhouha Dridi, Paolo Vercellini
In the brain, sex steroids regulate arousal, appetite and reproductive behavior [10]. Emotional processing and cognitive function are influenced by the changes in the levels of estrogens and progestogens during the menstrual cycle [11]. Functional imaging studies have shown how the degree of activation of brain areas involved in these processes differs during the different phases of the cycle [11]. Unfortunately, there is little consistency across all the studies that are also very heterogeneous in terms of the study population, outcomes and techniques used [11]. In general, increased activation of the amygdala, insula, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex is reported in response to visualization or retrieval of negative pictures during the follicular phase compared to the luteal [12–14]. These brain areas are all involved in the emotional processing and/or response to negative stimuli [15]. A similar increase in the activation has been observed in areas involved in cognitive processes, during the early and mid-follicular phases compared to late follicular phases, and during the late follicular compared to the mid-luteal phase. The precuneus, medial temporal gyrus, medial orbitofrontal cortex and hippocampus showed increased activation during response inhibition and verbal memory tasks [16,17]. The fusiform gyrus resulted more activated during spatial recognition tasks [18] and the inferior and middle frontal gyrus during verbal memory and semantic retrieval [19,20].