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Upper Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
This muscle is also referred to as flexor carpi radialis vel profundus (Wood) and the short radiocarpal flexor muscle (Hongsmatip et al. 2019). Though Knott (1883a) and Akita and Nimura (2016b) list flexor carpus radialis brevis as a synonym of radiocarpus, we treat these muscles as separate structures due to (1) the described tendinous and muscular connections between flexor carpus radialis brevis and flexor carpi radialis and (2) the possibility of radiocarpus extending proximally to the ulna or medial epicondyle.
Elbow/Forearm Examination
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Vaikunthan Rajaratnam, Timothy Teo Wei Wen, Usama Farghaly Omar
Bruising and swelling in the forearm and elbow may indicate underlying bony injuries and haemorrhage – especially in the forearm. The presence of extensive swelling in the flexor surface associated with bruising and a flexion attitude of the fingers may indicate impending compartment syndrome in the forearm. This can be confirmed by palpation of the flexor muscle mass producing intense pain and tenderness with excessive pain on passive stretching of the fingers associated with decreased sensation in the distribution of the median nerve. A high index of suspicion of compartment syndrome must be considered in the presence of swelling, bruising and intense pain in the forearm. An emergent decompression of the forearm muscles must be considered [7].
The Mechanics of Gait
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
The ankle rocker is the key to advancing the limb over the stationary foot. With both heel and forefoot contact, the tibia rolls forward by increasing ankle dorsiflexion. At the same time, increasing knee extension advances the femur. This pulls the body forward. Contractures or excessive ankle plantar flexor muscle action reduce progression by limiting ankle dorsiflexion.
Mat Pilates improves lower and upper body strength and flexibility in breast cancer survivors undergoing hormone therapy: a randomized controlled trial (HAPiMat study)
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Josefina Bertoli, Ewertton de Souza Bezerra, Kerri M. Winters-Stone, Luis Alberto Gobbo, Ismael Forte Freitas
In terms of exercise interventions, this is the first study to analyze the effect of Mat Pilates on trunk extensor muscle strength parameters in BCS undergoing hormone therapy. Most studies focused on shoulder range of motion [13,47,48], shoulder strength [13], and handgrip strength [13,47]. In this context, Zengin Alpozgen et al. [13] evaluated the effects of eight weeks of Mat Pilates in BCS, with 40–45 min each session, three times per week, comparing the Pilates group with a combined exercise group and a home-based group. The combined exercise consisted of stretching, range of motion, and shoulder exercise. The same exercises were selected for the home-based group, with supervision carried out by a phone call every 10 days. The authors found out that both Pilates and combined exercise groups significantly improved shoulder abductor, flexor, and internal rotator muscle strength during the isometric contraction of the affected limb, while the home-based group presented increased shoulder abductor and flexor muscle strength. Moreover, the Pilates group presented greater increments compared to the combined exercise and home-based group. However, Zengin Alpozgen et al. [13] do not describe the number of repetitions and sets performed in the Pilates group.
PNF- based Gait Rehabilitation-training after a Total Hip Arthroplasty in congenital pelvic malformation; A case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Fred Smedes, Marianne Heidmann, James Keogh
To enhance the motor learning and motor control effects for muscle recruitment and strength to stabilize the hip, the basic procedures of “Approximation,” “Reinforcement,” and “Timing for Emphasis” were utilized on the hip abductors (Adler, Beckers, and Buck, 2014; Johnson and Johnson, 2002; Smedes et al., 2016). Therefore, the three mentioned pattern activities were combined with leg and/or arm patterns from the contra lateral side. In this specified way, effects on body structures such as extensor and flexor muscle strength were addressed besides the specific task of weightbearing on the affected leg. “Approximation” is defined as an axial compression through the joint, stimulating joint proprioceptors (Adler, Beckers, and Buck, 2014; Smedes et al., 2016). “Reinforcement” is defined as additional strength from an overflow of forces from synergistic muscle chains as a result from irradiating nerve activity within a functional combination (Adler, Beckers, and Buck, 2014). “Timing” is defined as the facilitation of the order of sequences of a movement, while “Timing for Emphasis” is the facilitation of one specific sequence within the whole movement pattern (Adler, Beckers, and Buck, 2014; Johnson and Johnson, 2002; Smedes et al., 2016).
Comparison of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and functional electrical stimulation (FES) for spasticity in spinal cord injury - A pilot randomized cross-over trial
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2018
Anjali Sivaramakrishnan, John M. Solomon, Natarajan Manikandan
Effects of FES on spastic reflexes (SCATS) lasted for four hours unlike TENS. Most of the participants had non-traumatic myelopathies and in addition to tonal changes in spasticity, they presented with spasmodic behavior such as clonus, flexor, and extensor spasms. We observed that SCATS values at baseline were relatively higher (around 5–9) compared to MAS. Flexor spasms in SCI are associated with the flexion withdrawal reflex7 and extensor spasms can be triggered by a change in hip joint position, particularly extension.45 The threshold for flexor muscle activation has shown to be reduced in SCI.7 Electrical stimulation with FES may increase the threshold of spastic reflexes via a muscle contraction which may account for the observed findings. FES may be more effective than TENS for reducing spasmodic behavior and improving functional activities, as both flexor and extensor spasms can interfere with ambulation and transfers.1,37,45