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Evaluation of PCL/Chitosan/Nanohydroxyapatite/Tetracycline Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Rashid Bin Mad Jin, Naznin Sultana, Chin Fhong Soon, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
Bone can be categorised into four types which are long, short, flat and irregular bone. Long bone such as femur, tibia, humerus, radius and ulna can be found in the limbs. Short bones are carpal and tarsal. Flat bone are ribs, sternum, cranium and scapula. Irregular bones are vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, hyoid, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, and maxilla (Buckwalter et al. 1995) and lastly, sesamoid that is patella and smaller bones found in flexor hallucis longus and peroneus longus tendons (Buckwalter et al. 1995).
Nutraceuticals for Bone Health in Pregnancy
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
It is essential to understand bone anatomy to consider bone health through nutrition. The skeleton is made up of two principal parts, the hub or axial, and the appendicular parts. The hub skeleton is made of 88 bones and comprises the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton is made of 126 bones and comprises of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and upper and lower extremities. Bones are likewise classified by size and shape, which allows for their different functions. There are four kinds of bone: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and sporadic/irregular bones. The longest bone in the human body is the femur (or “thigh” bone), which stretches out from the hip to the knee, and supports the body’s weight when standing, walking, or running. The wrist is made of eight irregular-shaped bones, which take account of the intricate movements of the hands. The twelve ribs on each side of the body are bent flat bones that protect the heart and lungs (Trisha 2003) .
Radiotracers for Nonimaging Studies
Published in Garimella V. S. Rayudu, Lelio G. Colombetti, Radiotracers for Medical Applications, 2019
Hematopoiesis, or the production of blood cells, is mediated by the hormones (e.g., erythropoietin) which responds to the destruction of these cells. In health, the normal destruction is balanced by the normal production of these cells. In fetus, the hematopoiesis occurs at various sites, but following the birth it remains primarily confined to the bone marrow. During childhood, the hematopoietic bone marrow is distributed throughout the skeleton; it becomes confined to flat bones during the adult life. The blood cells undergo several stages of maturation within the bone marrow and subsequently are released into the circulation.
HIF-α factors as potential therapeutic targets in leukemia
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2018
Daniela Magliulo, Rosa Bernardi
The bone marrow is characterized by high cellularity and low oxygen concentrations, despite being supplied by a complex vascular network [5]. In this context, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells reside in various ill-characterized microenvironments where oxygen levels are believed to be particularly low, and extrinsic factors such as stem cell factor further promote expression of HIF proteins [36]. However, it is worth mentioning that the actual oxygen levels of BM microenvironments, and the identity of local niches where stem and/or progenitor cells reside, are still far from being fully characterized. One major problem that the field is facing is that many studies of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) localization and metabolism have been conducted in flat bones (calvaria) [37], which are more easily accessible but not necessarily representative of BM compartments in long bones. As an example, the frequency of hypoxic hematopoietic cells in calvaria was found reduced as compared with long bones [38].
Vertebral solitary bone plasmacytoma in a young adult with Trisomy 21: A case report
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Nadia Bouattour, Olfa Hdiji, Anis Hachicha, Brahim Kammoun, Salma Sakka, Nouha Farhat, Hanen Hajkacem, Fatma Kolsi, Slim Charfi, Mariem Dammak, Zaher Boudawara, Tahya Boudawara, Chokri Mhiri
Laboratory analysis showed hypoalbuminemia at 46.7 g/l, an elevated globulin protein without a monoclonal gamma spike on serum protein electrophoresis. The immunoelectrophoresis of plasma proteins revealed an IgA monoclonal spike with light chain kappa. Blood count, renal function, 24 h proteinuria and Bence jones proteinuria were normal. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was elevated at 55. The phosphocalcic balance was normal. Radiographs of the flat bones: (skull, pelvis, rib cage, femur, vertebrae, clavicle and the humerus) were normal with the exception of a destruction of L4 right pedicle.
Clinical heterogeneity of SAPHO syndrome: Challenge of diagnosis
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2018
At present, it is not difficult to diagnose SAPHO syndrome for most patients with characteristic skin manifestations and osteoarticular lesions in typical sites. Yet, in patients without skin lesions, and those with long bones or flat bones involvement, the diagnosis remains challenging. Misdiagnosis as bone neoplasms was common in patients with lesions in the tibia, fibula, or humerus [9]. Involvement of the mandibles is known as sterile mandibular osteomyelitis, with which patients often undergo surgery repeatedly and hard to be early diagnosed [10].