Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Lipoprotein lipase deficiency/type I hyperlipoproteinemia
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
Cutaneous eruptive xanthomas (Figures 86.3, 86.4 and 86.5) have been observed in about 50 percent of patients with type I hyperlipoproteinemia [20]. They cluster preferentially over the buttocks, proximal portions of the extremities and extensor surfaces, but they may occur anywhere, including the skin of the face. Lesions have been seen on the mucous membranes, including the hard palate and tonsils or fauces. They appear as nodules 1–5 mm in diameter. They result from phagocytosis of chylomicroans by macrophages [23]. They may be yellow or have a yellow center, but they may not. They may be erythematous; they tend to be flat. They may coalesce to form larger plaques. However, patients with this disease do not develop tendinous, tuberous, or planar xanthomas, or xanthelasma. The lesions are usually neither painful nor pruritic. They may occur within days of the elevation of plasma triglyceride levels over 2000 mg/dL and have been described as early as the first weeks of life [13]. They may fade rapidly on dietary reduction of these levels, but complete disappearance may take as long as three weeks.
History taking and examination
Published in Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre, Handbook of Clinical Skills, 2019
Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre
Look at the sclerae of the eyes for jaundice and the conjunctiva for anaemia. Examine the teeth, the tongue and the mouth, and look at the fauces, noting the presence or absence of the tonsils. Look at the buccal mucosa for evidence of hyperpigmentation. Examine the neck for cervical and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, and determine whether the thyroid is palpable. You should examine the breasts in women for any swellings, masses or tenderness.
Introduction
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Hanging from the free border of the soft palate is a conical muscular process called the uvula. During swallowing, the soft palate and uvula are drawn superiorly, closing off the nasopharynx and preventing swallowed foods and liquids from entering the nasal cavity. Lateral to the base of the uvula are two muscular folds that run down the lateral sides of the soft palate: Anteriorly, the palatoglossal arch extends to the side of the base of the tongue; posteriorly, the palatopharyngeal arch extends to the side of the pharynx. The palatine tonsils are situated between the arches, and the lingual tonsils are situated at the base of the tongue. At the posterior border of the soft palate, the mouth opens into the oropharynx through the fauces.
Cell culture models of oral mucosal barriers: A review with a focus on applications, culture conditions and barrier properties
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2018
Lisa Bierbaumer, Uwe Yacine Schwarze, Reinhard Gruber, Winfried Neuhaus
The external anatomical borders of the oral cavity are lips and cheeks. The internal anatomical borders are (i) the anterior pillars of the fauces, (ii) the palate, (iv) the mylohyoid muscle, (iv) the cheeks and (v) the retromandibular region. The oral cavity is covered by three kinds of mucosa: lining, masticatory and specialized mucosa. Lining mucosa is red, consists of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium covering the loosely fibrous lamina propria and the submucosa containing fat deposits. This kind of mucosa covers the soft palate, the ventral surface of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, the internal surface of the lips, the cheeks and the alveolar process excluding the masticatory mucosa. Masticatory mucosa is keratinized or parakeratinized and located at the palate, the papilla free dorsal part of the tongue, and the upper part of the alveolar process. In the region of the upper part of the alveolar process and the raphe of the palate, the mucosa is firmly bund to the underlying bone and called gingival mucosa or gingivae, which appears pale pink. The specialized mucosa is the part where the tongue is dorsally covered by numerous papillae.11