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Emotions
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
The reticular formation is a group of nuclei found throughout the brain stem. The dorsal tegmental nuclei are in the midbrain, the central tegmental nuclei are in the pons, and the central nuclei and inferior nuclei are found in the medulla. The reticular formation receives and filters sensory information before passing it on the limbic system and cortex.
Mesolimbic Interactions with Mesopontine Modulation of Locomotion
Published in Peter W. Kalivas, Charles D. Barnes, Limbic Motor Circuits and Neuropsychiatry, 2019
Robert D. Skinner, E. Garcia-Rill
Triggering was another element that we found to function in the control of walking. The threshold for electrically induced locomotion was reduced by up to 20% following injection of excitatory amino acids. At high concentrations of excitatory amino acids, brief bouts of stepping were induced (2–6 steps).89,97 In addition to noradrenergic and serotoninergic inputs to the region, a recurrent cholinergic input to the PPN-lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) may be present.37,99,100 At present, little is known of the effects of these inputs on locomotion control. Many of these findings in cat now have been replicated in the decerebrate rat.89,101
Discussions (D)
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
Aside from historical accuracy regarding past studies relevant to these contiguous structures, is there any reason to maintain them as separate? Carpenter and Sutin suggest a biochemical rationale, for they note that “Although the dorsal nucleus of the raphe and the dorsal tegmental nucleus are adjacent to each other, only the dorsal nucleus of the raphe synthesizes and transports serotonin” (1983, p. 415). Consistent with this statement, Williams and Warwick (1980) describe a large group of serotonergic cells occupying much of the “nucleus raphes dorsalis” (p. 950), but mention the dorsal tegmental nucleus only in relation to its “cholinergic component” (p. 948). Presumably, there are differences in pathways and functions associated with this biochemical distinction, but the general textbooks consulted contain too little information in this area to allow a meaningful comparison to be made.
Effects of amylin on food intake and body weight via sympathetic innervation of the interscapular brown adipose tissue
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Kuikui Fan, Qiang Li, Deng Pan, Haodong Liu, Penghui Li, Rihan Hai, Chenguang Du
Amylin acts as a satiation signal and is a therapeutic target for obesity and metabolic diseases. Their target receptors are widely distributed in the area postrema (AP), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the central nervous system (CNS) [1], and the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) [2]. In addition, a number of amylin immunoreactive cell bodies are located in the locus coeruleus (LC) [3], which is located in the caudal midbrain and acts as a processing hub for the integration of reward-based feeding and homeostatic energy balance signalling. The LDT participates in the sleep/wake cycle and the feeding process and is the major source of cholinergic input to the thalamus [4]. The LC is an integrated site in the pons that regulates sympathetic nerve activity [5] and is involved in body weight deregulation [6]. The LDT and LC express receptors for a variety of feeding peptides (e.g. amylin, ghrelin) [2,3]; amylin activates receptors in the LDT to regulate energy balance through gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling. This indicated that energy balance-relevant neuroendocrine signals act directly in the LDT and LC to modulate the neural process of feeding [2].
Hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis presenting with acute bilateral ptosis: case report
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2020
Mingxing Wu, Xiushan Ge, Yanbin Li, Jiye Li, Minglei Ma, Di Wu, Xiaoyin Peng, Bingke Zhang
We found two prior reports of hydrocephalus presenting with bilateral ptosis1,2. Anatomically, levator palpebrae (LP) motor neurons lie in the central caudal nucleus (CCN) which is a subgroup of the oculomotor nucleus. The CCN lies in the caudal part of the oculomotor complex and surrounded by the dorsal tegmental nucleus and the ventromedial part of the periaqueductal gray dorsally, and by the nucleus of Perlia ventrally3–5. Lesions of CCN cause bilateral ptosis (nuclear ptosis). Lesions to pathways coursing in the floor of the third ventricle and in the rostral mesencephalon can lead to mild uni or bilateral reduction of LP tone (supranuclear ptosis)3 (Figure 6). Theoretically, hydrocephalus could affect the floor of the third ventricle and the rostral mesencephalon, so this patient maybe a presentation of supranuclear ptosis. However, vertical gaze paralysis is a more frequent finding of hydrocephalus6,7 which is a variation of Parinaud’s syndrome resulting from damage to the mesencephalon.
Auditory P300 and mismatch negativity (MMN) in patients with peripheral vestibular hypofunction
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2018
Amani El-Gharib, Ebtessam Nada, Reham Lasheen
Another explanation of the presence of association between vestibular lesion and cognitive affection can be demonstrated by Vitte et al. [10] who recorded that using functional MRI in humans during caloric stimulation could activate the hippocampal formation. Various anatomical connections were proposed to join the vestibular nuclei to the hippocampus via the thalamus, the dorsal tegmental nucleus (i.e. the ‘head direction pathway’) or the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (i.e. the theta pathway) [11].