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The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Substance P is released in the PNS by neurones responsible for the transmission of pain information to the CNS. Substance P is also found in spinal cord pathways and in parts of the brain associated with pain. Substance P increases the perception of pain. Endorphins inhibit the release of substance P and reduce the perception of pain.
Neuronal Function
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Several peptides act as neurotransmitters and interact with specific peptide receptors. Morphine receptors bind endogenous opioids (met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, dynorphin and β endorphin). Substance P is a neurotransmitter that depolarizes neurons in the spinal cord and the hypothalamus via IP3 activation. Somatostatin is an important neuropeptide that inhibits electrical activity in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, limbic system and neocortex.
Scar Tissue Management
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
Catherine Ryan, Nancy Keeney-Smith
Noxious stimuli triggers the release of neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Altered neuropeptide levels are implicated in excessive inflammation, pruritus, complex pain, and pathological scar formation.13,24,25 In addition to acute pain signaling, substance P is implicated in mediating certain complex pain related symptoms, such as hyperalgesia and allodynia, seen with mature hypertrophic scars.23,26
Prokinetic effects of Citrus reticulata and Citrus aurantium extract with/without Bupleurum chinense using multistress-induced delayed gastric emptying models
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yanrong Gong, Xiaoxia Liang, Yanting Dai, Xiang Huang, Qiaozhen Su, Yan Ma, Fenglian Chen, Shuling Wang
The rhythmic peristalsis of gastrointestinal muscle is controlled by specialized gastrointestinal pacemaker cells called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and mediated by some neurotransmitters and hormones (Huizinga 1999). Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide and as a modulator it plays a pivotal role in gastrointestinal functioning (El-Salhy and Spångéus 1998; Graefe and Mohiuddin 2022). Motilin (MTL) is a gastrointestinal hormone and it is cyclically released during the fasted state by Mo cells in the upper small intestine. In mammals, MTL stimulates appetite and gastrointestinal motility contributing to the movement of undigested food in these regions into the large intestine (Al-Missri and Jialal 2021). In case of disturbed gastrointestinal motility, the release of SP and MTL stimulates c-kit proto-oncogene protein (c-kit) expression in mesenchymal precursor cells and promotes their proliferation and differentiation into ICC. Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter and a key molecule linking the nervous system with gastrointestinal function. Peripheral 5-HT activates 5-HT receptor (5-HT4R) in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby initiating the contractility of smooth muscles. As a consequence, ICC pacemaker activity may be generated by the influx of Ca2+ in smooth muscle cells due to gastrointestinal contractility (Huizinga et al. 1995).
Serum substance P level as a marker for subclinical rheumatoid arthritis activity
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Shimaa Borham Mohamed, Mohammed Fouad Elkenawy, Tamer Omar Elsaid, Ghada El-Saeed Mashaly
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune, multisystemic inflammation disease that causes substantial functional decline over time, radiographic damage, recurrent job incapacity, and early mortality [22]. Assessment of the illness’s activity is crucial for the best management of RA since rheumatoid flares and activity are linked to disease progression [23,24]. The primary goal of novel therapy approaches for RA, which include the currently available synthetic and biological DMARDs, is remission or at least low disease activity [25]. Remission, however, may not always signify a total absence of inflammation. Power Doppler ultrasound is one of the more sensitive instruments that is needed to assess the course of the disease [26]. These methods can be used to identify patients who are at risk of structural progression despite an apparent clinical response or to help with drug withdrawal decisions [20]. Inflammatory and immunological modulators like Substance P are one of the tools that have been suggested [14]. Inflammation, apoptosis, and the production of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines are all significant aspects of how substance P controls the immune system [7].
Blocking SP/NK1R signaling improves spinal cord hemisection by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rabbits
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Yuehuan Zheng, Nannan Wang, Zhe Chen, Liqiang Shi, Xiangyang Xu
Further the RT–PCR, WB, ELISA and immunohistochemical results showed that a hub of four proinflammatory factors, IL-1β, IKKγ, IL-6 and NF-κB, were notably upregulated in the OB group on day 7th after SCI. Substance P is a peptide mainly secreted by neurons and is involved in the regulation of inflammation.35 Therefore, we used SP inhibitors to treat OB rabbits, and the results showed that the expression of these four pro-inflammatory cytokines was substantially reduced in vivo. The promoting effect of SP on diabetic wound healing depends on the activation of NF-κB.36 In peritoneal mast cells, SP enhances the production of TNF-α and IL-6 by promoting nuclear translocation of NF-κB.37 In addition, SP can also promote the secretion of IL-1β.38 IL-1β is an important component of NF-κB activation.39 Together, inhibition of SP may promote the improvement of rabbit SCH by blocking IL-1β-NF-κB-mediated TNF-α and IL-6 release.