China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Infection-Associated Ocular Cranial Nerve Palsies
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Hardeep Singh Malhotra, Imran Rizvi, Neeraj Kumar, Kiran Preet Malhotra, Gaurav Kumar, Manoj K. Goyal, Manish Modi, Ravindra Kumar Garg, Vivek Lal
Primary infection with VZV leads to viremia and rash commonly known as chicken pox. Along with this, seeding of multiple dorsal root ganglia might occur, reactivation of which causes Herpes Zoster (HZ). Various neurological complications have been reported to be occurring with HZ infection. The most common cranial nerves involved in HZ infection are cranial nerves VII, VIII, IX, and X. Ophthalmic complications may be seen when HZ occurs in the ophthalmic division of trigeminal (V1) nerve (25). Common ocular complications of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) include keratitis, scleritis, iritis, retinal necrosis, glaucoma, and optic neuritis. Ophthalmoplegia though uncommon, has been reported with HZO (20). While the exact incidence is not clear, it has been contemplated that only 5–31% of all HZ patients go on to develop ophthalmoplegia (26). The encroachment of inflammation from ophthalmic division of trigeminal to ocular cranial nerves, as they pass through cavernous sinus/superior orbital fissure, is thought to be the cause (26).
Hemp Oil in the Management of Pain, Inflammation, & Stress *
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
The CB2 receptor is typically not expressed in neurons, which is why it was originally called the peripheral cannabinoid receptor. The immune system is the primary site of its expression. However, its presence has been detected in dorsal root ganglia, a cluster of cells in spinal nerves.2 CB2 receptors can also be expressed in bone, the gastrointestinal tract, and in activated microglia in the central nervous system.2 Microglia are cells found in the brain and spinal column that defend the central nervous system against immune assaults. Because antibodies are too large to penetrate the blood brain barrier, microglia serve as the last defense against pathogens that enter the brain. Activated microglia, sometimes referred to as reactive microglia, create an inflammatory response linked to diseases of the brain.3 The presence of CB2 receptors in activated microglia indicates they may be involved in blocking the effect of painful stimuli in inflammatory processes of the nervous system.4
Familial Dysautonomia
Published in David Robertson, Italo Biaggioni, Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 2019
Consistent with decreased peripheral sensory neurons, intrauterine development and postnatal maintenance of dorsal root ganglion neurons are abnormal in familial dysautonomia (Pearsonet al., 1978). The dorsal root ganglia are grossly reduced in size. The number of neurons is markedly diminished. Within the spinal cord, lateral root entry zones and Lissauer’s tracts are severely depleted of axons. As evidence of slow progressive degeneration, there is a definite trend with increasing age for further depletion of the number of neurons in dorsal root ganglia and an increase in the abnormal numbers of residual nodules of Nageotte in the dorsal root ganglia. In addition, loss of dorsal column myelinated axons becomes evident in older patients. Neuronal depletion in dorsal root ganglia and the progressive pattern of cord changes correlate well with the clinical observations of worsening pain and vibration sense with age (Axelrod et al., 1981).
A review about the role of additives in nerve tissue engineering: growth factors, vitamins, and drugs
Published in Growth Factors, 2023
Mehrsa Nasiri, Javad Esmaeili, Amir Tebyani, Hojat Basati
As another growth factor, embedding FGFs in scaffolds could accelerate NTE progress by inducing angiogenesis to the injury site, and directly by promoting cell proliferation and axon outgrowth at the injury site. These growth factors are mainly expressed in the dorsal root ganglia and peripheral nerve. Because of the expression pattern and the effects after exogenous administration of basic FGF, it has a physiological role during nerve regeneration. FGF-2 mostly works in a coordinated way with other growth factors/co-factors during the cell differentiation process. Distinct functions of FGF-2 have been reported in the spinal ganglia and at the lesion site. It was reported that FGF-2 is potent to stimulate Schwann cell mitogenesis (Grothe and Nikkhah 2001). It was reported that higher proliferation was observed when FGF-2 has released and the main justification turns back to the reduction in the expression of RB2/P13. No changes were reported in the P16 protein levels when FGF-2 was released from hydrogels (Galderisi et al. 2013).
Long-term follow-up results of surgically treated patients with foraminal and far lateral disc herniations
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Huseyin Dogu, Nuriye Guzin Ozdemir, Hakan Yilmaz, Ibrahim Burak Atci
Far lateral disc herniations compose 7–12% of all disc herniations. Foraminal, intraforaminal, far lateral or extreme lateral disc herniations are included in the far lateral disc herniation group.1 However, far lateral disc herniation is a term generally used for lumbar disc herniations that compress the exiting nerve root at the same level, lateral to the neural foramen or further.2 The exiting dorsal root ganglion at the same level is affected.3 The diagnosis may be overlooked if one does not investigate the patient’s findings meticulously. Surgical technique requires using a relatively unusual route compared to classic approach for mediolateral discs, however the outcome is highly satisfactory. Series reporting long-term follow-up for foraminal and far lateral discs are few, and also there are not large series to observe the recurrences and outcome.4
Campylobacter jejuni induces autoimmune peripheral neuropathy via Sialoadhesin and Interleukin-4 axes
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Ankit Malik, Jean M. Brudvig, Barbie J. Gadsden, Alexander D. Ethridge, Linda S. Mansfield
At necropsy, the hind limbs were dissected to expose the sciatic nerves and dorsal root ganglia from the spinal cord (L3 to L5) to the tibial nerve according to our standard protocol.18 We were able to dissect three dorsal root ganglia from the majority of mice. Nerve tissues were removed and embedded enbloc to allow for assessment of cellular infiltrates that can be segmental. Details of the dissections of sciatic nerves and dorsal root ganglia are published.18 Tissue specimens were fixed in 10% formalin buffer pH 7.0 for 24 hours, changed to 60% ethanol and, thereafter, paraffin embedded. Sections were stained for F4/80 as described previously.20 For each section at 20X magnification, contiguous fields of view were photographed sequentially using a Nikon Eclipse E600 microscope with a SPOT camera with Windows TM version 4.09 software (RTSlider Diagnostic Instruments, Inc., Sterling Heights, MI) to include the entire area of the sciatic nerve and the dorsal root ganglion. Dissections and photography of images were performed by a board-certified veterinary pathologist (JMB). Positively staining cells were counted using the free hand and cell counter tool of ImageJ tool (N.I.H) by a second trained operator (AM) who was blinded to identity of the samples during counting.