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Distribution and Characteristics of Brain Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
By a general consensus, there are three main dopaminergic pathways: mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal. According to some classifications, however, the mesolimbic and mesocortical projections are viewed as a single pathway, named mesocorticolimbic, with two branches. It is also important to note that there are significant interspecies differences between rodents and primates, both in terms of the sites of origin and the termination fields of the dopaminergic pathways [5].
Pharmacological Management of Parkinson’s Disease
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Newman Osafo, Samuel Obeng, David D. Obiri, Oduro K. Yeboah, Leslie B. Essel
This chapter has dealt extensively with drugs used for the management of PD. The dopamine replacement therapies target dopaminergic pathways and are the mainstay drugs used, whiles the other drug groups, such as the anticholingergics affect the nondopaminergic pathway and are used as adjuncts in the management of PD. Levodopa remains the gold-standard in the management, but it is associated with dyskinesia. Although the current treatments only offer symptomatic relief, they do not affect disease progression. This necessitates the development of other therapeutic approaches that may affect the natural history of PD.
Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
There are four dopaminergic pathways in the brain: (1) the nigrostriatal pathway; (2) the mesolimbic pathway; (3) the mesocortical pathway; and (4) the tuberoinfundibular pathway (Figure 5.5). The nigrostriatal pathway transmits dopamine from the substantia nigra to the neostriatum. This is achieved by neurons that have their soma in the substantia nigra projecting axons out to the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The nigrostriatal pathway is involved in the regulation of muscle tone and movement and its degeneration is seen in Parkinson’s disease. Treatment with traditional antipsychotic drugs, which block postsynaptic dopamine receptors receiving input from the nigrostriatal tract, can result in Parkinsonism-like symptoms.
The influence of syringic acid treatment on total dopamine levels of the hippocampus and on cognitive behavioral skills
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Eren Ogut, Guven Akcay, Fatos Belgin Yildirim, Narin Derin, Mutay Aslan
The hippocampus plays a pivotal role in the reinforcement and encoding of information in short and long-term memory, spatial memory, and recognition memory [1]. The ventral hippocampus (VH) receives the dopaminergic pathways from the ventral tegmental area and the dorsal hippocampus (DH) [1]. Dopamine (DA) increases attention to evident properties of the environment in spatial memory, and the innervation of DA within the VH can contribute to incentive salience and motivational learning [1]. Dopaminergic signaling is established as executing a leading role in novelty-associated modulation of learning and memory [2]. It is claimed that DA affects plasticity, synaptic transmission, and network activity in the hippocampal circuitry [2]. The manipulation of hippocampal D1/5 receptors indicates the source of DA from the ventral tegmental area or DA release from noradrenergic fibers [2]. The functions of DA are listed as follows: executive functions take part in cognitive motor control, neuromodulation, arousal, reinforcement, motivation, and the reward system [3,4]. Dopamine pathways are responsible for the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior, and the anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of DA. Also, as a part of the neuromodulator system, these pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of hormones [3,4]. Short term working memory is a highly dynamic process of short-time encoding of information to adjust subsequent behavior, and the dopaminergic system in the hippocampus has been identified as being involved in the modulation of working memory [5].
Association between dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3) variants and infertility in the Turkish females
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Orcun Avsar, Nesibe Derinoz, Filiz Yilmaz, Musa Yilmaz, Umit Gorkem
Prolactin secretion is regulated by tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic pathway in a negative manner. Disturbances in dopamine neurotransmission may cause abnormal prolactin gene expression and secretion. Dopamine transporter (DAT) reuptakes dopamine from synaptic cleft into presynaptic dopaminergic neuron and terminates neurotransmission. Mutations in SLC6A3 gene that encodes dopamine transporter protein may be related with numerous human diseases. In the literature, no studies that investigated the relationship between tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic pathway or dopamine neurotransmission and female infertility were found. The present study is the first one for investigating the relationship between DAT1/SLC6A3 gene polymorphism and infertility in females. No significant differences were reported between infertile females and corresponding fertile subjects in DAT1/SLC6A3 gene. Our study demonstrated that DAT1/SLC6A3 gene polymorphism is not correlated with female infertility. On the other hand, the present study offers new ideas for further human infertility studies. Further studies in Turkish and other ethnic groups with larger sample size are needed for the evaluation of the effects of DAT1/SLC6A3 gene polymorphisms in female infertility.
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in schizophrenia: are these opportunities for repurposing?
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2022
Zarrin Ansari, Sudhir Pawar, Rajmohan Seetharaman
Even though the pathophysiology that contributes to SCZ is generally elusive, the hypothesis of abnormality of neurotransmission has gained precedence over others [6]. Four dopaminergic pathways, viz., the mesocortical pathway, mesolimbic pathway, nigrostriatal pathway, and tubuloinfundibular pathway, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of SCZ [7]. Antagonism of the dopaminergic and serotonin receptors in these pathways is the notable mechanism of action of the majority of first- and second-generation antipsychotics. However, the current armamentarium of antipsychotics does not facilitate complete remission of the symptoms of SCZ. Approximately 30% of patients respond poorly to the currently available pharmacological treatment of SCZ [8]. Growing evidence has also demonstrated the existence of ultra-treatment-resistant SCZ, also termed as clozapine-resistant SCZ. This is a condition where the SCZ symptoms persist despite adequate therapy with clozapine [9].