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Jejunal Transposition after Total or Partial Gastrectomy — an Experimental Model in the Rat
Published in Waldemar L. Olszewski, CRC Handbook of Microsurgery, 2019
A. Santini, E. Morsiani, M. Baccarini
The use of rats as experimental models enables various physiopathological studies to be carried out relatively simply, at a low cost, and with reliable results. However, after many studies on the morphology and function of the digestive system, they result as unthinkable on man because of the lack of standardization of the parameters. Our experimental groups of rats underwent total or partial gastrectomy. Our aim was to find valid reasons to justify using the surgical techniques where the digestive tube is reconstructed by interposition of a jejunal segment between either the esophagus and the duodenum or between the gastric remnant and the duodenum.
The digestive system and the respiratory system
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
Before the end of the embryonic period, the digestive tube is complete in the sense that it is open at both ends. However, although the cells of the digestive system differentiate during the fetal period, and even secrete small amounts of digestive enzymes near term, the digestive system does not function as such before birth. Rather, it accumulates contents called meconium, composed of cells and hair from the amniotic fluid, cells from the lining of the digestive tube, and other matter.
Introduction
Published in Paul Ong, Rachel Skittrall, Gastrointestinal Nursing, 2017
The primitive gut can be described as a hollow tube made up of endodermal cells. This digestive tube extends from the oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane to the cloacal membrane. Breakdown of these membranes form the precursors of the mouth (stomadeum) and anus (proctadeum), respectively. Towards the end of the third week the digestive tube starts to elongate and can be divided into three sections – foregut, midgut and hindgut (Figure 1.3b,c) – from which the specialised structures of the tract and accessory organs emerge (see Chapters 5 and 7 for more details about the embryonic development of the small and large intestine).
Complete pathologic response after two-stage cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC for bulky pseudomyxoma peritonei: proof of concept
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2020
Olivia Sgarbura, Mohammed Al Hosni, Andrea Petruzziello, Rodrigo Figueroa, Lakhdar Khellaf, Marie-Hélène Pissas, Sébastien Carrère, Stephanie Nougaret, Frédéric Bibeau, François Quénet
The preoperative workup included a contrast enhanced CT-scan and a peritoneal diffusion MRI before operative planning as well as between the two stages. The surgical procedure consisted of a two-stage cytoreductive surgery; each stage associated with HIPEC with oxaliplatin 250 mg/m2 in a glucose solution 0.5% at 2 l/m2. The final objective of this therapeutic strategy was to reach a CC-R0/1 resection for these patients at the end of the therapeutic management. The first surgical stage included resection of the whole peritoneal surface and/or of the lesions at risk of obstruction, but carefully excluded all other digestive tract resections. The residual tumor thickness was defined as the maximal thickness of the residual tumor and the cutoff was 5 mm [8–10]. These residual implants were not unique and, usually, more than four, located on the serosal surface of the digestive tube. They would have imposed at least three resections with anastomoses or four long running sutures in the eventuality of a CCR0/1. The second stage included a complete exploration, resection of the macroscopic disease, and resection or biopsy of previously described lesions not performed in the initial surgery, although not always macroscopically visible (Figure 1).
The mesentery: an ADME perspective on a ‘new’ organ
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2018
Aneesh A. Argikar, Upendra A. Argikar
The development of mesentery during and after the embryonic stage has been covered in great detail elsewhere (Martini and Tallitsch 2014). To summarize the embryonic development, the endoderm forms the hindgut and the foregut. During the initial months of the embryo, the gut is just a simple tube. This simple digestive tube is suspended by the mesentery. After gradually disappearing, the ventral mesentery remains in two places, on the ventral surface of the stomach known as lesser omentum and between the liver and anterior abdominal wall known as falciform ligament. The lesser omentum provides stability to the stomach and also provides a way for the blood vessels and other structures to enter and leave the liver. As the embryo grows, the dorsal mesentery enlarges and forms a pouch called the greater omentum. The literature on the expression of enzymes and transporters in the embryonic and fetal mesentery was not available.
Potential applications of drug delivery technologies against radiation enteritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Dongdong Liu, Meng Wei, Wenrui Yan, Hua Xie, Yingbao Sun, Bochuan Yuan, Yiguang Jin
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex system composed of different specialized organs whose functions include the digestion of food and the absorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients [27]. The gut, including the large intestine and the small intestine, starts from the bottom of the stomach pylorus to the anus at the lower end. The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive canal and an important organ with some endocrine functions for digestion and absorption [28]. The large intestine is located in the lower part of the digestive tube, which mainly includes the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal. The functions of the large intestine involve the absorption of water, vitamins, and inorganic salts, and the conversion of the food residues into feces for discharge from the body [29]. There are many tiny villus and crypts where stem cells are located on the surface of the mucosa of intestine, colon, and rectum. The intestinal tract is one of the tissues with the fastest renewal rate in the human body [30]. Epithelial cells of the small intestine are completely renewed for every 3–6 days, and the mucosal cells of the colon are completely renewed for every 4–8 days [31]. Therefore, the gut is so sensitive to the IR that it belongs to a highly radiation-sensitive tissue [32]. According to the different locations in the gut, RE can be categorized into radiation intestines, radiation colitis, and radiation proctitis (Figure 1) [33–35]. Therefore, pH changes and residence time along the whole gastrointestinal tract are the main points to consider for an effective drug delivery to the gut for the treatment and prevention of RE.