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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Except for the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, which are too deep in the pelvis to significantly affect the overlying skin temperature, the male genitalia are easily observed with thermography. In normal subjects, the testicles should be about the same size on each side of the scrotum and of almost equal temperature. Scrotal temperature should be less than the inguinal skin temperature. The left testicle usually hangs lower when the cremasteric muscles are relaxed because the left spermatic cord is longer.180 Thermographic cooling protocols may cause testicular retraction via the cremasteric muscle reflex. The glans penis is generally cooler than the penile shaft, though this may be partially obscured by a warm foreskin (Figure 10.71). The skin over the penis and scrotum is normally quite thin and has almost no subdermal fat, so it readily shows thermal anomalies.
Regulation of Reproduction by Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
In most male mammals (whales and elephants being an exception) the testes are enclosed within a scrotum and are located outside the body cavity in order to maintain lower temperature. The cremaster muscle raises and lowers the testes and regulates the scrotal temperature for optimal spermatogenesis and survival of the spermatozoa. Increased testicular temperature is known to reduce both the quantity and quality of sperm produced.
The abdominal wall and inguinoscrotal conditions
Published in Spencer W. Beasley, John Hutson, Mark Stringer, Sebastian K. King, Warwick J. Teague, Paediatric Surgical Diagnosis, 2018
Spencer W. Beasley, John Hutson, Mark Stringer, Sebastian K. King, Warwick J. Teague
A true undescended testis has to be distinguished from a retractile testis. A retractile testis is one that can be manipulated to the bottom of the scrotum and remains in the scrotum after manipulation. The retractile testis resides spontaneously in the scrotum, at least some of the time, and should be normal in size. All prepubertal boys have some degree of retractility of their testes. The position of their testes is controlled by the cremaster muscle, which is capable of retracting the testis out of the scrotum. Cremasteric retraction is not seen in the first few months of life, and is maximal at between 2 and 8 years.
Microstructures of the spermatic cord with three-dimensional reconstruction of sections of the cord and application to varicocele
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2020
Yu Yang, Xiaoqiang Wu, Qu Leng, Wei Su, Shuo Wang, Rongwei Xing, Xumin Zhou, Daojun Lv, Bingkun Li, Xiangming Mao
After staining, the histological transverse sections clearly displayed the microstructures of the spermatic cord (Figure 1). The fascia was clearly observed in the polarimicroscope images of the sections after sirius red staining which showed typical characteristics of type II collagen (Figure 1D). Under stereo microscopy, we observed that the outermost layer of the irregular cylindrical spermatic cord was the external spermatic fascia and the cremaster muscle inside which were two thin and translucent sheaths (Figure 2). The large sheath which wrapped the internal spermatic vessels was identified as the well-known internal spermatic fascia while the smaller sheath which wrapped the vas deferens and its associated vessels was termed as the vas deferens fascia. Most of the two delicate circular sheaths with different contours and sizes were stuck laterally to the inner contour of the cremaster or the external spermatic fascia. They connected closely at the middle, with each other leaving little space between them. The two sheaths and their contents ran in parallel inside the external spermatic fascia and the cremaster muscle. The existence of two separate sheaths was also confirmed by the 3D reconstruction images (Figure 3).
The voltage-gated K+ channel Kv1.3 modulates platelet motility and α2β1 integrin-dependent adhesion to collagen
Published in Platelets, 2022
Joy R Wright, Sarah Jones, Sasikumar Parvathy, Leonard K Kaczmarek, Ian Forsythe, Richard W Farndale, Jonathan M Gibbins, Martyn P Mahaut-Smith
Thrombosis was measured in mouse cremaster arterioles as described previously[19]. Briefly, under general anesthesia the cremaster muscle was exteriorized and connective tissue removed. DyLight® 649-conjugated anti-GPIbβ antibody (0.2 µg/g mouse weight) was introduced into the carotid artery via a cannula. Injury to the vessel wall was made with a MicroPoint ablation laser (Andor Technology, Belfast, UK) and thrombus formation recorded using a digital camera with a charge-coupled device (C9300, Hamamatsu Photonics, Welwyn Garden City, UK). Data were analyzed using SlideBook 6 software (Intelligent Imaging Innovations, Denver, USA).
In vivo modeling of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid-mediated inhibition of both platelet function and accumulation in arterial thrombi
Published in Platelets, 2019
Reheman Adili, Ellen M. Voigt, Jordan L. Bormann, Kaitlynn N. Foss, Luke J. Hurley, Evan S. Meyer, Amber J. Veldman, Katherine A. Mast, Joshua L. West, Sidney W. Whiteheart, Michael Holinstat, Mark K. Larson
Laser-induced cremaster arteriole thrombosis intravital microscopy was performed as described (34–36) in 12-week-old C57BL/6 WT male mice. The cremaster muscle was prepared for imaging under dissecting microscope and constantly superperfused with preheated bicarbonate-buffered saline throughout the experiments. Platelet and fibrin labeling was achieved by injecting anti-platelet (DyLight 488 anti-GPIb, 1 μg/g; Emfret, EIbelstadt, Germany) and anti-fibrin (a kind gift from Dr. R. Camire from Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, labeled with Alexa Fluor 647, 0.3 μg/g) antibodies via jugular vein catheter prior to intravital microscopy imaging. Multiple independent thrombi in arterioles (30–50-μm diameter) in each mouse were induced by a laser ablation system (Ablate! Photoablation System; Intelligent Imaging Innovations, Denver, CO, USA). Images of thrombus formation were acquired in real-time under 63X water-immersion objective with a Zeiss Axio Examiner Z1 fluorescent microscope equipped with solid laser launch system (LaserStack; Intelligent Imaging Innovations) and high-speed sCMOS camera. Images of thrombi were analyzed for the dynamics mean florescent intensity over the course of thrombus growth after subtracting the florescent background each thrombus using Slidebook 6.0 (Intelligent Imaging Innovations). The curves were averaged over 8–10 independent injuries from at least three mice. P-selectin expression on platelets accumulating into growing thrombi in mice were studied by injecting mice with Alexa Flour 647-rat anti-mouse CD62P antibody (BD Biosciences; 3 μg/per mouse). To determine the platelets’ P-selectin positive area at the thrombus core in growing platelet thrombi (2–4 independent injuries from at least three mice), thrombus growth was recorded on a single plain at the center of vessel using confocal (CSU-X1 A1) spinning disk mounted to Zeiss Axio Examiner Z1 fluorescent microscope system. Data were evaluated for significance with two-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric data using Prism 6 software (Graphpad, La Jolla, CA, USA).