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Adult Autopsy
Published in Cristoforo Pomara, Vittorio Fineschi, Forensic and Clinical Forensic Autopsy, 2020
Cristoforo Pomara, Monica Salerno, Vittorio Fineschi
Before removing the heart, it is best to open the main pulmonary artery in situ. This step is mandatory when pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is suspected. It should also be done when there is a prolonged hospitalization. The ascendant aorta is separated from the pulmonary artery; then, a complete section of the aorta is made to offer a free plane of cutting of the pulmonary artery. To open the pulmonary artery in situ, make an incision using pointed scissors held with the right hand. At the same time, use forceps held in the other hand to pull down the heart, and draw it away from the artery; in the process, the pulmonary artery will be almost completely exposed. A sagittal incision is made at the trunk of the pulmonary artery, just above the infundibulum of the conus arteriosus, that is, the anterosuperior portion of the heart’s right ventricle, at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk. If emboli are present, they can be extracted using forceps. Extending the incision to the left makes it easy to explore the lumen of the left branch of the pulmonary artery. However, to explore the right branch of the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery, it is necessary to dissociate the main pulmonary artery from the adjacent ascending aorta artery as they are normally juxtaposed (Figures 2.47 and 2.48).
Retrograde venography and three-dimensional mapping of a great cardiac vein with separate drainage into the high right atrium in a patient with Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2018
Keith Suarez, Javier E. Banchs, Judith P. Lazol, James N. Black
Cases reporting drainage of the GCV at a separate ostium in the right atrium are very limited, and these also describe an anatomical course similar to that of our patient.3,4 It first travels through the conus arteriosus and then the transverse pericardial sinus to finally reach the right atrium. In a similar manner, the GCV has also been found to drain into the superior vena cava.5,6 A review of 620 human heart specimens did not reveal abnormalities of the GCV drainage, indicating how difficult these can be to find.7 Another review of 337 human heart specimens only found one GCV draining into the superior vena cava.8
Association between the promoter methylation of the TBX20 gene and tetralogy of fallot
Published in Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 2018
Xiaofei Yang, Qingyu Kong, Zhenghao Li, Min Xu, Zhifeng Cai, Cuifen Zhao
The purposes of this study were to study the methylation level of CpG island of the TBX20 promoter in the right ventricular outflow tract of TOF, investigate the relationship between methylation of candidate susceptibility gene TBX20 and TOF, and provide foundation and basis for research on the pathogenesis of conus arteriosus malformation represented by TOF.
Machine intelligence for radiation science: summary of the Radiation Research Society 67th annual meeting symposium
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Lydia J. Wilson, Frederico C. Kiffer, Daniel C. Berrios, Abigail Bryce-Atkinson, Sylvain V. Costes, Olivier Gevaert, Bruno F. E. Matarèse, Jack Miller, Pritam Mukherjee, Kristen Peach, Paul N. Schofield, Luke T. Slater, Britta Langen
Ontology classes (terms) can be logically defined using other ontologies (axioms) and this allows the capture of deep background knowledge across multiple domains in a form amenable to computation. For example, a term in a phenotype ontology might be represented using terms from a biological process ontology, an anatomy ontology and a trait ontology: a process in an anatomical location is abnormal. This then allows the ontologies all to be formally connected and background knowledge contained within them made explicit, i.e. computable. In this example the process term would come from the Gene Ontology (GO), the anatomical term from, say, the Mouse Anatomy (MA) ontology, and the qualifier term from the Phenotype and Trait ontology (PATO). Axiomatisation would allow the relationship between the abnormal process captured in this phenotype class and closely-related processes asserted in the biological_process arm of the Gene Ontology (The Gene Ontology Consortium 2021; Smaili et al. 2020). For example, in a mouse strain with a phenotype annotated to the term conus arteriosus formation, the axiom tells us that this term relates to part of the heart. This will be helpful in establishing the relationship between two strains of mice, for example, which have different, but related, cardiac developmental process abnormalities. In a sense the algorithm ‘knows’ that there is a relationship between conus arteriosus formation and other heart phenotypes and can use that background knowledge to establish a computable relationship between defects in conus arteriosus formation and other cardiac phenotypes, such as atrial septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot. An example of the implementation of this use of the deep knowledge in cancer research can be found in Althubaiti et al. (2019), where we learn the characteristics of known tumor driver genes using annotations made with such interlinked ontologies, and then use this to predict more than a hundred new tumor drivers together with recovery of most of the existing genes.