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Cytokine Effects on Extracellular Matrix
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Ganesh Raghu, Michael Kinsella
Thus, the intrinsic proliferative potential of the normal human lung fibroblast is regulated by cytokines that promote cell growth (mitogens) and suppress or inhibit cell growth. These growth regulatory factors are available to the connective tissue cells in the local milieu and function mostly in a paracrine fashion. In general, increased cell proliferation is associated with increased ECM production, and decreased cell proliferation, as seen with IFN-γ, is generally associated with decreased ECM synthesis and may be mediated by PGE2. However, the potent “profibrotic cytokine,” TGF-β, can stimulate ECM synthesis without a significant mitogenic effect. The final outcome on cell proliferation and its metabolic functions (ECM production) seems to be a net result of the combined effects of several growth regulatory factors that act on the fibroblast in an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine fashion. For a more detailed review on factors modulating human lung fibroblast growth, see review by Raghu and Kavanagh (1991).
Single Amino Acids
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Glutamine has specific stimulatory effects on collagen synthesis and glycosaminoglycan (cartilage) synthesis in connective tissue cells.278,279 Thus, modulation of extracellular glutamine concentrations by dietary intake, hormonal levels, or pathological changes can greatly influence the anabolic metabolism of connective tissue cells.
Visual Hallmarks of Cancer
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
Cancers arising in a small tube, duct or gland within a solid organ will form a lump or mass. Regardless of whether a cancer is in the form of an ulcer or a roughly spherical mass, it is often of a firm to hard consistency. This hardness is not caused by the cancer cells but by non-malignant tissue that is intermingled with the cancer cells. The non-malignant components consist of connective tissue known as stroma (derived from the Greek word meaning a mattress or sofa). One function of the connective tissue stroma is to channel blood vessels to the growing cancer cells. Cancer cells actually stimulate the proliferation of connective tissue and accompanying blood vessels by secreting growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Ultimately the connective tissue may come to occupy more space within a cancer than the cancer cells themselves. Connective tissue cells include fibroblasts which secrete collagen. Tendons such as the Achilles tendon are extremely hard, due to the presence of collagen arranged in long, parallel bundles. The stroma within a cancer often contains abundant collagen. Such a cancer feels hard and is described as desmoplastic (‘hard-moulded’).
The association between histological prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a single-center retrospective study
Published in The Aging Male, 2022
Jinze Li, Yunxiang Li, Dehong Cao, Yin Huang, Lei Peng, Chunyang Meng, Qiang Wei
At present, the relationship between chronic inflammation and BPH has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. Studies have found that inflammatory cells gather significantly around the prostate gland, which indicates that the prostate immune response may start from this area [15]. Epithelial injury exposes periglandular tissues to prostatic secretions, which are highly proteolytic activity. These secretions can destroy connective tissue cells and dissolve major matrix regions, and allow autoantigen molecules to widely enter the prostatic immune system [16]. In addition, some irritants, such as infectious factors, urinary reflux, metabolic syndrome, changes in sex hormones, the aging process, and autoimmune response, participate in inflammation infiltration through different molecular pathways and cause prostate immune disorders [17]. Thus, BPH may be an immune inflammatory disease, and the development and progression of BPH may be associated with chronic inflammation [18,19].
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30) levels in pelvic floor muscles and its association with estrogen status in female rabbits
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Sharet Y. Rodríguez-Jaimes, Guadalupe C. Hernández-Hernández, Laura G. Hernández-Aragón, Octavio Sánchez-García, Margarita Martínez-Gómez, Estela Cuevas-Romero, Francisco Castelán
Data from biopsies of women and animal samples support the presence of both the ERα and ERβ in nuclei of myofibers and connective tissue cells of PFM [5]. Muscle capillaries also show nuclear ERα and -β immunoractivity [22]. The GPER immunostaining in muscle capillaries was more intense than in myofibers and connective tissue, albeit some myonuclei were also GPER-ir. Such findings appear to be in line with the protective role of the GPER in the vasculature and endothelial cells of different tissues, including the uterus [7,23,24]. Vaginal distention, modeling delivery in rats, induces signs of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) in pelvic floor of rats, including the external urethral sphincter [25]. In ovariectomized rabbits, there is a prominent fall in the coccygeus and Pcm contractile force that is avoided only in the latter muscle following estrogen administration [16]. Given the chronic administration of G-1, a selective GPER agonist, protects the cardiac muscle of ovariectomized rats against I-R [26], a further evaluation of estrogen rapid signaling in protecting PFM against delivery-associated I-R should be addressed. In support of such a proposal, the GPER promoter contains multiple sites for the hypoxia-induced factor type 1 (HIF-1α) able to upregulate the GPER expression in breast cancer cells and cardiomyocytes [27]. Fast glycolytic muscles have a constitutive HIF-1 expression higher than slow oxidative muscles [28]. Remarkably, the Bsm is mainly composed of fast glycolytic myofibers and the Pcm of mixture of slow, fast oxidative-glycolytic, and fast oxidative myofibers that is adjusted in multiparous rabbits [29,30].
Possibility of Taking an Offensive Stance in Extravasation Injury: Effects of Fat Injection in Vesicant (Doxorubicin) Induced Skin Necrosis Model in Rats
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Ahmet Bicer, Burak Sercan Ercin, Tahir Gürler, Gürkan Yiğittürk, Yigit Uyanikgil, Emel Oyku Cetin
Microscopic examination of the epidermis yielded intense wound foci in the doxorubicin-only groups. Hair roots and sebaceous glands were completely degenerated. There were discoloration and deformation findings in collagen fibers in the dermis. A decrease in connective tissue cells and fibers has been detected. INOS and VEGF expression was not detected. In the fat injection group, although there were bleeding foci in the epidermis, it was observed that the epidermis had normal histological structure. It was found that collagen fibers with tight connective tissue properties were preserved in the stratum reticularis layer. Compared with the other two control groups, a highly preserved/improved histopathological appearance was dominant. INOS expression was locally present in the epidermis and deep dermis cells while VEGF expression was present, albeit scarce. As for the saline dilution group, there was a histopathological distribution similar to the doxorubicin-only group; INOS and VEGF expression was not detected. However, there was expression in the muscle tissue in this section (Figures 4 and 5).