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Jacob Augustus Lockhart Clarke (1817–1880)
Published in Neil Metcalfe, 100 Notable Names from General Practice, 2018
Clarke undertook much research. This was done with extreme care and thoroughness and he went on to establish many new facts of structure that had important bearings on the physiology and pathology of the nervous system. Clarke was the first to establish the location of the dorsal nucleus of the spinal cord and describe the posterior vesicular columns. Today, the dorsal nucleus is eponymously known as Clarke’s nucleus and the posterior vesicular column as the column of Clarke. He also described the nucleus intermediolateralis and differentiated the medial cuneate nucleus from the lateral cuneate nucleus.
Cerebral palsy, cerebellar ataxia, AIDS, phacomatosis, neuromuscular disorders, and epilepsy
Published in Jacques Corcos, David Ginsberg, Gilles Karsenty, Textbook of the Neurogenic Bladder, 2015
Christopher Kobylecki, Ling K. Lee, Mark W. Kellett
Reports of urinary dysfunction in rarer autosomal dominant forms of SCA are less commonly published. A case report of a patient with cerebellar ataxia and prominent urge incontinence was initially diagnosed as MSA-C but was subsequently found to have SCA17. Urodynamic studies showed decreased bladder capacity of 140 mL, with marked detrusor overactivity but no residual postmicturition volume, sphincter dyssynergia, or neurogenic sphincter change; oxybutynin improved urinary symptoms.29 Urinary symptoms had not hitherto been identified as a feature of SCA17, expanding the phenotype of this condition and indicating the importance of further investigations in the differential diagnosis between MSA-C and inherited SCAs. Sakakibara et al.30 have also reported a 54-year-old man diagnosed with dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy with urinary incontinence, in whom urodynamic studies showed detrusor hyperactivity during filling, and underactive detrusor on voiding with detrusor–sphincter dyssynergia. The authors speculated that involvement of the dentatorubral and pallidoluysian systems could explain detrusor overactivity, while pathology in the spinal cord, including Clarke’s nucleus, could explain detrusor underactivity and detrusor–sphincter dyssynergia.30,31 Urinary incontinence was present in seven of a series of nine patients with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay, together with other autonomic features, suggesting that the recognized phenotype in this condition could be wider than previously reported.32
Therapeutic approaches of trophic factors in animal models and in patients with spinal cord injury
Published in Growth Factors, 2020
María del Carmen Díaz-Galindo, Denisse Calderón-Vallejo, Carlos Olvera-Sandoval, J. Luis Quintanar
BDNF exerts neuroprotective and growth-promoting effects especially apparent in the rubrospinal, reticulospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts, as well as on the proprioceptive neurons of Clarke’s nucleus in the spinal grey matter of the lumbar cord. Likewise, numerous studies show exogenous application of these factors as a treatment after injury also reversed cortical motor neuron atrophy in rodents and primates (Bregman et al. 1997; Kelamangalath and Smith 2013; Keefe, Sheikh, and Smith 2017).