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Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (Vip): A Putative Neurotransmitter In The Cardiovascular System
Published in Geoffrey Burnstock, Susan G. Griffith, Nonadrenergic Innervation of Blood Vessels, 2019
Numerous VIP fibers occur around the deep penile artery and the helicine arteries.102 VIP fibers are seen throughout the cavernous tissue of the penile crus indicating a role of the peptide in penile erection. The VIP concentration is increased in cavernous blood by up to 20-fold during tumescence and erection.103
Comparative Anatomy and Histomorphology of the Nasal and Paranasal Cavities in Rodents
Published in D. V. M. Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
The mucosa of the apical nasal cavity consists of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium to the sectioning level of the vomeronasal organ. More caudally, the stratified nonkeratinized epithelium is replaced by a two layer columnar epithelium, the height of which can change depending on the cavernous tissue lying beneath the mucosa. This tissue is so extensive that changes in the blood content of the vessels causes alterations in the contours of the epithelial surface visible as swelling or shrinkage of the nasal lining. Caudally, respiratory epithelium is found first in parts of the secondary leaves and the ends of the lamellae. The caudal end of the small nasoturbinal is lined entirely with respiratory epithelium. Nonrespiratory epithelium is found most caudally at the inner side of the spiral lamella and the lateral part of the lamella of origin. Dorsally, the acini of serous origin become more numerous and are the first part of the sinus gland (Figure 5).
Pediatric Urogynecology
Published in Linda Cardozo, Staskin David, Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology - Two-Volume Set, 2017
Angela M. Arlen, Howard M. Snyder, Andrew J. Kirsch
hymen. The mAin glAnds lie AgAinst the ischiopubic rAmus deep to the bulbospongiosus muscle And cAvernous tissue. blockAge of the mAin ducts of bArtholin's glAnds mAy leAd to cystic dilAtion At Any Age but rArely become infected prior to puberty. ProlApsed Ureterocele ureterocele is A dilAted distAl ureter within the detrusor muscle thAt mAy extend beyond the blAdder neck (cecoureterocele). ureteroceles Are often AssociAted with An upper pole renAl moiety of A duplicAted collecting system [29]. They mAy be ectopic or orthotopic. An interlAbiAl or vulvAr mAss mAy be identified if the ectopic ureterocele extends through the
The Health Benefits of Sexual Expression
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2021
Woet L. Gianotten, Jenna C. Alley, Lisa M. Diamond
“Use it or lose it” is as appropriate for sexual function as it is for muscles and many other systems in the body. Age-related declines in partnered or solo sexual activity are associated with reduced sexual potency (Koskimäki et al., 2008). In men, for example, extended absence of erection (such as occurs after radical surgery for pelvic cancer) can produce anoxemia and disturbed nitric oxide metabolism, which can permanently damage the cavernous tissue necessary for erectile function (Tal, 2017). Post-menopausal women who continue to be sexually active, show less vaginal atrophy and higher levels of androgens and gonadotropins (Leiblum et al., 1983). Women who are more sexually active also show slower transitions to menopause and the accompanying hypoestrogenism (Arnot & Mace, 2020).
Effect of leech-centipede medicine on improving erectile function in diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction rats via PDE5 signalling pathway-related molecules
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Ji-Sheng Wang, Jun-Long Feng, Xiao Li, Zi-Long Chen, Bing-Hao Bao, Sheng Deng, Heng-Heng Dai, Fan-Chao Meng, Bin Wang, Hai-Song Li
The central part of the newly dissected penis tissue was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. Then, the samples were dehydrated by ethanol gradient and embedded in paraffin. According to the standard scheme of histological examination, approximately 4 μm-thick sections were prepared for HE staining. Automatic chemiluminescence imaging system (Tanon, Shanghai, China) was used to obtain photographs and analyze the pathological morphology of the penile cavernous tissue. At the same time, 1 mm long penile cavernous tissue was fixed in 1% osmium acid, dehydrated using a Lycra TP tissue processor, placed in the embedding capsule, and sliced and stained with saturated uranium acetate and lead citrate. The ultrastructure and endothelial cells of the penile cavernous tissue were observed under a transmission electron microscope (H-7500, Waltham, MA, USA).
Potential mechanism of Achyranthis bidentatae radix plus semen vaccariae granules in the treatment of diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction in rats utilizing combined experimental model and network pharmacology
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Ji-Sheng Wang, Jun-Long Feng, Heng-Heng Dai, Zi-Long Chen, Xiao Li, Bing-Hao Bao, Sheng Deng, Fan-Chao Meng, Qi Zhao, Hong-Sheng Xu, Bin Wang, Hai-Song Li
The central part of the newly dissected penis was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. Then, the samples were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin wax using a gradient of ethanol solutions. According to the standard protocol for histology examination, sections of thickness 4 µm were prepared for haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. A light microscope equipped with a digital tube (Olympus BX51TF, Tokyo, Japan) was used to take photographs and analyse the morphology of the corpus cavernosum (CC). Simultaneously, CC tissue of length 1 mm was fixed in 1% osmium acid, and then dehydrated with a tissue processor (EM TP; Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) and placed in an embedding capsule. Using Lycra ultrathin slicer to slice the tissue: capsule cleaning: remove the capsule, add warm water, and stir on the mixer until the tissue is detached. Semithin section: first, repair the block, and remove part of the embedding agent around the tissue to expose the tissue. Then the tissue is clamped on the slicer with the trapezoid bottom at the bottom so that the knife is parallel to the plane of the tissue. After rough cutting, add warm water into the water tank, press the automatic slicing button, cut 2–3 pieces of 500 nm thickness, stick them on the glass, dry them, and then dye them with toluidine blue. After slicing, the penile cavernous tissue was stained with saturated uranium acetate and lead citrate. The ultrastructure and endothelial cells of penile cavernous tissue were observed under an electron microscope (HitachiH-7500, Tokyo, Japan).