China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Postmortem Examination in Case of Asphyxial Death
Published in Sudhir K. Gupta, Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
After the removal of all these muscles, the carotid sheath structures can be examined. Carotid canal structures including common carotid artery with initial portions of its branches, internal jugular vein and vagal nerve can be examined in situ itself. These structures can also be removed and dissection can be done along with that of neck block.
Ear Trauma
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
The risk of vascular injury is higher in more severe skull base fractures, particularly if there is evidence of otic capsule fracture or cranial nerve palsies. Carotid injury may occur at the junction of the lacerum and cavernous portions or more rarely through the petrous segment. Carotid artery dissection with a carotid–cavernous fistula is a rare consequence as is intimal damage resulting in aseptic sigmoid sinus thrombosis. The jugular and carotid canals should be routinely examined on the CT scan with a low threshold for requesting angiography. A specialist neurosurgical opinion should be sought. Treatment is usually endovascular with a variety of options including detachable balloons, coils and stents.
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The internal carotid artery has no branches within the neck and ascends deep to the styloid process of the skull and adjacent muscles, to enter the carotid canal of the petrous temporal bone. This canal passes forwards and medially to enter the internal cavity of the skull as the foramen lacerum. The internal carotid artery is now located to the lateral side of the sphenoid bone, enclosed within the cavernous sinus. Its path now proceeds anteriorly within the sinus and then it passes out of the sinus upwards to lie adjacent to the anterior clinoid process, where it enters the subarachnoid space by piercing the dura mater. This path is clearly seen on suitable radiographs and is known as the carotid siphon. At this point, the artery gives a branch called the ophthalmic artery, which passes through into the orbit, supplying the retina via the central artery of the retina and branches to the lacrimal gland and adjacent orbital structures.
High-resolution computed tomography temporal bone imaging in achondroplasia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Puneet S. Kochar, Priti Soin, Ayah Megahed
The predominant temporal bone imaging feature is rotation and upward tilting of the petrous temporal bones, giving a “towered” petrous ridges appearance.6,7 The IAC-IAC angle is reduced, ranging from 110° to 129° (normal 157–175°). The IACs are normal. Additionally, the cochlea rotates in relation to the middle ear cavity, leading to a vertically oriented geniculate ganglion. However, the cochlea is morphologically normal. The vestibules are also rotated, leading to a downward-directed oval window.6 Middle ear ossicles are usually normal in size and morphology. However, secondary to the rotation, the malleus body and long process of incus project into the axial images, giving a broader ice cream cone appearance. The external acoustic canal (EAC) is rotated to a lesser extent than the medial temporal bone, leading to an abnormal orientation of the EAC and tympanic membrane with the lateral labyrinth wall at the time of clinical exam. Instead of encountering the promontory from the EAC as the tympanic membrane is reflected, the examiner is either not able to see the promontory or at best is able to see its inferior margin. The bony structure in the way is the scutum. On imaging, the scutum points downwards below the level of the promontory. The Körner septum becomes more horizontally rotated.6 The carotid canal is foreshortened with medialization of the distal ends. The ascending portion of the carotid canal is medially angulated instead of having a normal vertical orientation.6
Manuscript title: the maxillary swing approach – the first Scandinavian experience
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Hani Ibrahim Channir, Magnus Balslev Avnstorp, Irene Wessel, Jørgen Rostgaard, Niclas Rubek, Katalin Kiss, Christian von Buchwald, Jimmy Yu Wai Chan, Birgitte Wittenborg Charabi
Surgeons must be aware of several factors that influences the ability to obtain clear resection margins and thus worse surgical and oncological outcomes. First, larger tumors with radiological evidence of internal carotid artery encasement is an important consideration as pointed out recently by the Hong-Kong group [13]. Radiological sign of tumor encasement of the internal carotid artery C2 petrous or C3 lacerum segments result in an 80% risk of tumor invasion of the arterial wall in contrast to 16.7% risk in case of C1 cervical segment involvement. This difference is suggested to be explained by the presence of thick fascia in the cervical segment which is absent inside the carotid canal. Secondly, tumors that involve the cavernous sinus or extending intracranially to multiple bones and the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus further limits the chance for clear resection margins [13].
Transient anisocoria after a traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: A case report
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Paul Overdorf, Gary J. Farkas, Natasha Romanoski
The sympathetic innervation to the eye is from the superior cervical ganglion (Fig. 1). The superior cervical ganglion lies anterior to the transverse processes of the second and third cervical vertebra. Anterior to the ganglion lies the carotid sheath with the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve, while the longus capitis muscle is found posterior to the ganglion. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion are distributed onto the internal carotid artery and help to form the internal carotid nerve plexus, which ascends on the internal carotid artery into the carotid canal to enter the cranial cavity (Fig. 1).11 Once in the cranial cavity, postganglionic fibers from the internal carotid nerve plexus travel on the nasociliary nerve of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, while other fibers continue from the internal carotid nerve plexus as the sympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion.12 The sympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion traverses the ciliary ganglion without synapsing (Fig. 1). These nerves then travel on the short ciliary nerves of the ciliary ganglion to the eye where they innervate the dilator pupillae muscle. Some of these postganglionic sympathetic fibers also travel on the long ciliary nerve, a nerve branch of the nasociliary nerve, to reach the eye (Fig. 1). Sympathetic activation of the dilator pupillae muscle dilates the pupil.11,12