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Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
The frontal lobe is the largest of the brain’s structures. It is the main site of the higher cognitive functions. The frontal lobe is variably divided: one commonly used classification is to divide it into the precentral cortex, then the strip immediately anterior to the central or Sylvian fissure, and the prefrontal cortex, the section extending from the frontal poles to the precentral cortex, including the frontal operculum. The precentral cortex is composed of the primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4), the premotor cortex, and the supplementary motor (Brodmann area 6). The precentral cortex is involved in voluntary movement, language, and posture and body orientation. The prefrontal cortex is subdivided into several regions, including the dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, ventrolateral, ventromedial, basal, orbital, and frontopolar areas. Each of these areas is suggested to have specialized behavioral functions and has widespread connectivity. Damage to these areas results in characteristic behavioral abnormalities.
Discussions (D)
Published in Terence R. Anthoney, Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam, 2017
♦ 1. Does the prefrontal cortex consist only of Brodmann areas 9–10 on the dorsolateral and medial surfaces of the frontal lobe, or does it also include other nonspecific areas of the frontal lobe, such as Brodmann areas 32, 46–47?certain motor areas, such as Broca’s area (Brodmann areas 44–45), the frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8), or even the premotor area (Brodmann area 6)?the orbital surface of the frontal lobe (e.g., Brodmann areas 11–12)?portions of the anterior cingulate gyrus (e.g., Brodmann areas 24, 33)?
Vocal Motor Disorders *
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Motor influence and the prosodic and emotional information processing of the inferior frontal gyrus would traverse the rostral half of the CC (Brodal, 1981, pp. 804–805). The lips, jaw, and tongue participate in vocalization, swallowing, and chewing. Broca’s area (Brodmann areas 44,45,46,47) or the prefrontal and premotor facial region of the cortex (Crank & Fox, 2002) control skilled motor patterns of the larynx, lips, mouth, respiratory system, and other accessory muscles of speech. The primary motor cortex for the face and mouth is in Brodmann area 6. The SC (occipital, parietal, temporal) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) project to the premotor and supplementary motor cortices. These pass signals to the motor cortex. The PFC also receives signals from the SC. There is an asymmetrical reciprocity between these areas: interaction is not a closed loop; rather, the areas higher in the circuit receive a wider range of input than those lower in the hierarchy. It may be inferred that input to the motor areas is closely monitored by the cortices receiving peripheral sensory information.
FDG-PET shows weak correlation between focal motor weakness and brain metabolic alterations in ALS
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2023
Stefan Sennfält, Marco Pagani, Fang Fang, Irina Savitcheva, Ulrika Estenberg, Caroline Ingre
In ALS patients, there was a common pattern of hypometabolism in the frontal lobe and hypermetabolism in the posterior regions, including the occipital lobe and cerebellum, compared with healthy controls, after adjustment for age and sex (Table 3, Figure 1). Patients with a high motor symptom burden demonstrated less hypermetabolism while there was more widespread hypometabolism, including involvement of the cingulate cortex and lentiform nuclei, compared with patients with a low motor symptom burden. A direct comparison of these groups revealed areas of significant hypometabolism in the insula and lingual gyrus on the left side specific for the high symptom burden group. To provide a semi-quantitative measurement, we identified an area of hypometabolism in the bilateral motor cortex (Brodmann area 6) where the degree of hypometabolism was strongly associated with an increasing total motor symptom severity score. Linear regression analysis adjusted for age and sex yielded a standardized beta coefficient of −0.303 and a p value of <0.001. No association was detected specifically between brain metabolic alterations and clinical signs of UMN dysfunction.
Brain regions associated with olfactory dysfunction in first episode psychosis patients
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2023
Semra Etyemez, Zui Narita, Marina Mihaljevic, Jennifer M. Coughlin, Gerald Nestadt, Frederick C. Jr. Nucifora, Thomas W. Sedlak, Nicola G. Cascella, Finn-Davis Batt, Jun Hua, Andreia Faria, Koko Ishizuka, Vidyulata Kamath, Kun Yang, Akira Sawa
The SFG corresponds to Brodmann area 8 (BA8) and partially to BA6 in the present segmentation (Figure S1). The unique involvement of this specific brain area in SZ patients with primary negative symptoms has been underscored and particularly a reduction in grey matter volume in SFG has been reported (Cascella et al. 2010; Leung et al. 2011). We now provide novel evidence that indicates the relation of SFG with olfactory function in FEP patients. The SFG region is described to be involved in self-awareness and emotion (Fried et al. 1998; Goldberg et al. 2006). Self-awareness is defined as the cognitive ability to distinguish between the self and others and broadly requires the use of perception, recognition, and differentiation. These cognitive processes (self-awareness and social cognition) are similar to those required in odour discrimination task, requiring perception, recognition, and differentiation. Although there are many other ways of interpretation, we provocatively state that our finding of olfactory dysfunction associated with SFG might have a relationship with self-awareness and related brain function. Further studies are warranted.
Functional connection between the stereotyped behavior and the motor front area in children with autism
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2018
Ming-Xia Huang, Xiao-Hui Liu, Zeng-Jun Zhang, Chao Chen, Dong Wang, Xin Hou, Hua Chen, Kun Xia
Autism (autism spectrum disorders, ASD) is one brain developmental disorders characterized by language difficulties, social communication difficulties and stereotyped behavior. Different hypotheses have been put forward to explain the neurobiological mechanisms underlying stereotyped behavior, such as motor system disorders and deficiencies in attention and executive control.1 Stereotyped behavior is a fine motor disorder, and may involve basic motor skills, motion generation regulated by the parietal region, and conversion process from motion regulation to execution (regulated by the premotor area). The premotor area is located in the Brodmann area 6, adjacent to the frontal eye field, and is mainly involved in the planning and execution of complex motion. In children with autism, the stereotyped behavior is the combination of simple movement disorder and attention deficit. Based on this hypothesis, we propose that stereotyped behavior of autism children may be concerned with aberrant functional integration of the premotor area.