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Fascia and the Circulatory System
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
Anita Boser, Kirstin Schumaker
Compression is not limited to the lower limbs. Perforating neurovascular tracts that pass through hypertonic brachialis muscle can be impinged by chronic muscle contraction or high muscle tone, creating nerve ischemia and nociception that leads to inhibition of movement that would lengthen or stretch the small neurovascular tract.43 Other vascular entrapment syndromes involve the renal arteries, the superior mesenteric artery, celiac artery, and iliac vein.38 We suggest that hypertonicity in other muscles, such as the coracobrachialis, extensor digitorum longus, and psoas, can also compress vessels that accompany the perforating nerves.
Distal Conduction Blocks
Published in Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand, Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand
The median nerve is first lateral to the brachial artery (Figures 1.31B, 1.55, and 1.57). At the level of the insertion of the coracobrachialis muscle, it passes over (or sometimes behind) the artery, reaches its medial side, then descends through the arm within the sulcus bicipitalis medialis. At the elbow, it is separated from the joint by the brachialis muscle. It enters the forearm betwen the two heads of the pronator teres muscle. It supplies the lateral half of the palm and the back of the first fingers (Figure 1.58).
Upper limb
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Attachments of brachialis muscle– origin: ant. humerus– insertion: tuberosity of ulna– nerve SS: musculocutaneous n. (C5–7)– function: flex elbow
Spastic muscle stiffness evaluated using ultrasound elastography and evoked electromyogram in patients following severe traumatic brain injury: an observational study
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Jun Matsumoto-Miyazaki, Shogo Sawamura, Yumiko Nishibu, Maki Okada, Yuka Ikegame, Yoshitaka Asano, Hirohito Yano, Jun Shinoda
Some limitations of the current study’s results warrant discussion. First, only a relatively small number of subjects from a single center had been included herein. Second, different muscles were assessed for US SWE (BBM) and F-wave measurements (APB). Third, clinical spastic severity using MAS and MTS of elbow flexor muscle could have been influenced by the degeneration of other soft tissues around elbow joints, such as the brachialis muscle, brachioradialis muscle, and skin and ligaments, and not only BBM, in which the US was performed. Therefore, more muscles may need to be observed using US to determine variables not significant in the present study, such as the relationship between SWS and F wave. Fourth, patients who could not maintain 90° elbow joint flexion due to severe muscle overactivity were excluded. Thus, the relationship between SWS and F wave and between SWS and clinical findings in patients with more severe spastic muscle overactivity remains unclear. Fifth, intra-assessor reliability was measured using US data within only 1 day in order to reduce participant burden. However, high reliability can be expected based on previous reports on spasticity in stroke patients (24).
Wilhelm Erb (1840–1921), an influential German founder of neurology in the nineteenth century
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
Electric stimulation over Erb’s point triggers the arm to take on a fencer position by eliciting the contraction of the muscles deltoideus, brachioradialis, biceps, and supinator longus. These muscles are paralyzed in the upper brachial-plexus paralysis of Duchenne and Erb (or Erb’s palsy) by a lesion of the C5 and C6 cervical nerve roots or of their uniting upper primary trunk of the brachial plexus. This distinct upper brachial plexus paralysis had been observed by Erb (1874b) in four patients with nearly pure motor deficits in the deltoid, biceps and brachial muscle, whereas only minor sensory disturbances were encountered in the thumb and index finger; in three posttraumatic cases, spontaneous recovery occurred; in the fourth, progression to spinal paraplegia and lethal outcome ensued due to a cancer.
Brachial distal biceps injuries
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2019
Drew Krumm, Peter Lasater, Guillaume Dumont, Travis J. Menge
The biceps brachii muscle is made up of a short head and a long head. The short head originates on the coracoid process, while the long head originates on the supraglenoid tubercle. They each insert on the radial tuberosity. This muscle’s main action is to supinate the forearm, but it also assists in elbow flexion. Since the short head has a more distal attachment on the tuberosity than the long head, it is a greater contributor to elbow flexion. The long head attaches to the apex of the tuberosity and is a greater contributor to supination than the short head. The biceps is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and receives its blood supply from branches of the brachial artery. On clinical exam, the distal biceps tendon may be mistaken for the lacertus fibrosus, also known as the bicipital aponeurosis, which originates from the short head of the biceps and helps protect the neurovascular bundle in the antecubital fossa. The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LABCN), which is the terminal cutaneous branch of the musculocutaneous nerve, is at risk for injury in operative repair of distal biceps avulsion injuries. It is located between the biceps and brachialis muscles and pierces the deep fascia just lateral to the distal biceps tendon. The nerve is located in the subcutaneous tissue of the antecubital fossa and supplies sensation to the lateral aspect of the forearm. The radial nerve is also at risk for injury. The radial nerve is located between the brachioradialis and brachialis near the distal humerus. It bifurcates into the posterior interosseous nerve and radial sensory nerve in the antecubital fossa [6].