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Food Interactions, Sirtuins, Genes, Homeostasis, and General Discussion
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Similarly, some nutritional strategies such as calcium supplementation may also benefit skeletal development, although there are controversies in this regard. The combined effect or interaction between physical exercise and calcium supplementation has been shown, and it seems to be more efficacious in bone development than just exercise or calcium alone. However, the interaction between exercise and food intake or specific diets in bone mass acquisition is not clear and further investigations are needed (31). Take note that the list of various types of synergies cited here is not exhaustive.
Nutrition in the Older Child
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Sarah Lowry, Jenifer Thompson, Ann O’Shea Scheimann
Vitamin D helps intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate and is important for bone development and strength. Vitamin D is found in dairy products including fortified milk, as well as fish and eggs. Vitamin D is also absorbed via the skin from sunlight. Patients with low vitamin D intake, and especially those with low vitamin D laboratory values, will benefit from vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D deficiency presents with rickets or osteomalacia, with classic exam findings including frontal bossing, bowed legs, and costochondral beading.
Disorders of the renal system
Published in Judy Bothamley, Maureen Boyle, Medical Conditions Affecting Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2020
Vitamin D can be obtained in the diet or by the action of UV radiation on the skin. These forms of vitamin D are inactive and require activation by a process in the liver and kidney. This active form of vitamin D is thus made in the body, making it technically a hormone not a vitamin. Vitamin D is responsible for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the small intestine, and these minerals are used in forming bone and thus are important in fetal bone development. However, the biological effects of vitamin D are diverse and it also has a role in immunity, insulin secretion, cell development and lung development11. A daily vitamin D supplement of 10 micrograms may be recommended for pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Thalassemia
Published in Hemoglobin, 2022
Usanarat Anurathapan, Samart Pakakasama, Duantida Songdej, Pongpak Pongphitcha, Ampaiwan Chuansumrit, Borje S. Andersson, Suradej Hongeng
In Thailand, thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies are the most common inherited genetic diseases. Patients with thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies have low red blood cell numbers, so-called anemia, from ineffective erythropoiesis and increased peripheral red cell destruction. As a result, patients have fatigue, slow growth rate, and increased liver and spleen sizes. Furthermore, they may have abnormal bone development. Owing to the high prevalence of the carrier state of thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies approaching 40.0% in the Thai population, approximately 300 children are born with thalassemia diseases annually. The accumulated number of thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies in Thailand is around half a million cases. Even though some might not need regular red cell transfusions, so-called non transfusion dependent thalassemia (NTDT), approximately 200,000 patients suffer from severe thalassemia, so-called transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT), defined by the lowest hemoglobin (Hb) level of less than 7.0 g/dL, age at the time of presentation less than 3 years and requiring regular red cell transfusions. Patients with TDT might experience subsequent complications from the regular transfusions, i.e., at risk of iron overloading and transfusion-transmitted diseases. Consequently, those patients with TDT are absent from school when they receive regular blood transfusions at hospitals, and their parents have to skip work. The only available curative treatment for those with severe thalassemia is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
Sex differences in bone mineral content and bone geometry accrual: a review of the Paediatric Bone Mineral Accural Study (1991–2017)
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones, Stefan A. Jackowski
In the PBMAS participants, it was also found that physical activity had a significant independent time-dependent effect on the growth of lean mass during adolescence (Baxter-Jones et al. 2008b), suggesting that the effect of physical activity on bone is modulated through lean mass development. This again is in line with the suggestion that bone development is driven by muscle development (Rauch et al. 2004). The PBMAS results also supported those from the Iowa Bone Development Study that demonstrated that physical activity in children was associated with bone geometry and that differences in lean mass explained some, but not all, of this association (Janz et al. 2004, 2007). The evidence supports the argument that skeletal advantages associated with adolescence activity appear to confer greater geometric bone structural strength at the proximal femur in young adulthood and emphasise the benefits of childhood activity, in both sexes, on adult bone health.
Environmental toxic metals in placenta and their effects on preterm delivery-current opinion
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Laxmi Singh, Madhu Anand, Saroj Singh, Ajay Taneja
Lead (Pb) is listed as the second most noxious substance among 275 chemicals, even at low concentrations of 2 mg/dL, by Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) which is a component agency of the US. CDC and US. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). World Health Organization (WHO) established a limit value of 0.05 mg/l for Pb in drinking water (Kumar and Puri 2012). But, to date, there is no threshold value of lead in blood for infants and child (CDC 2005). This substance is potentially harmful to reproductive health, and is generally present in water, food, air, soil, and dust. Generally, Pb enters in childbearing population through three ways, namely inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption. Research has shown that more than 90% of Pb in human bones accumulates during childhood (Nordberg et al.1991). Calcium is an essential element for bone development, teeth, muscles and maintenance throughout life. According to National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, about 90% women do not take recommended amount of calcium and thus leading to Ca deficiency. During pregnancy, deficiency of calcium is directly associated with adverse effects on maternal bone health and has been clearly identified as a main source of fetal Pb exposure (Gulson et al. 2003). Moreover, Faikoglu et al. (2006) found Ca is not properly supplied through process of mobilization in childbearing population meet the high demands, In this case, usually co-mobilization take place through with stored Pb in maternal bones i.e the primary route for fetus exposure.