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Introduction to Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements, 2020
Bhushan R. Rane, Raj Kesarwani
The scientific approach is used for the preparation or in the process of cooking food, when you may know why and how the food is used is called functional food. Every human being has to take carbohydrate-, vitamin-, fat-, protein-, and amino-acid-enriched diet daily, which are available in functional foods. All of the functional foods are considered as nutrient-enriched foods that provide essential bodybuilding or growth components to human beings; consumers remain healthy after the daily intake of these foods in their diet. It is scientifically proved from the data available through various trials (i.e., randomized study, intersubject study, and placebo-controlled or intervention trials) conducted on human volunteers that recent health issues in human beings totally depend on the consumption of daily food only. Researchers suggest taking functional foods or dietary supplements daily to avoid health issues (Hasler, 2002). Foods have a specific aroma, taste, and certain nutritive value and they are also functional. Nowadays, all of the foods are evaluated for their nutritive values and various physiological benefits to check whether they reduce the chance of disease or to improve health (Hasler, 2002). Sometimes various functional foods are used for the treatment of diseases or for the prevention of disorders except anemia, and these foods are termed as nutraceuticals, for example, fortified or enriched nutraceuticals such as various dairy products as well as citrus fruits (Sapkale et al., 2012).
Muscle Fiber Types
Published in Charles Paul Lambert, Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
The most important muscle buffering mechanism involved in buffering hydrogen ions is the presence of an amino acid derived substance carnosine (Harris et al. 2012; Harris and Stellingwerff 2013). Again, hydrogen ions can cause muscle fatigue by a number of mechanisms that involve energy metabolism and inhibition of muscle contraction (Green 2005). Furthermore, the vastus lateralis (thigh muscle) of bodybuilders has been shown to have the highest carnosine content ever recorded (Tallon et al 2005). This makes sense since when bodybuilders train they produce a lot of lactic acid. The increase in carnosine is likely an adaptation to the high muscle lactic acid concentrations. It follows that if one wants to increase the muscle carnosine concentrations to the greatest extent they should train like a bodybuilder, i.e., a high number of sets and repetitions. It is not uncommon for a bodybuilder to perform 20 sets for a given muscle group of 8–12 repetitions. See Lambert, Frank, and Evans (2004) for more information on bodybuilding training. This type of training could also be simulated by a high number of 30-second “Gos” during wrestling practices. Clearly, without barbells, wrestling, metabolically, is much like a 20 set per body part bodybuilding workout with 30 seconds to 1 minute of rest between sets, and this is indicated by the high lactic acid levels in both wrestling (12.55 mmol/L for Elite wrestlers and 13.23 for Club-level wrestlers; Karnincic et al. 2009) and bodybuilding (Tesch, Thorsson, Essen-Gustavsson 1989) training.
Weight Lifting and Training
Published in Christopher L. Vaughan, Biomechanics of Sport, 2020
The term weight lifting has a variety of meanings to the general public. To many it relates to bodybuilding, to some it refers to competitive sport, and to others it is a form of exercise. In this chapter, the terms weight lifting and weight training will both refer to the use of free-weight equipment (barbells and dumbbells), weight machines, and other machines or devices that provide resistance to movement for the purpose of exercise and/or the enhancement of recreational and sport performance. Under this definition, bodybuilding is a special case of weight training where emphasis is placed on the development of muscular hypertrophy and definition, body symmetry, and the reduction of body fat. Competitive weightlifting is primarily encompassed by two distinct sports (1) powerlifting, which includes the squat, bench press and deadlift movements; and (2) weightlifting (correctly written as one word) which includes the overhead snatch and clean-and-jerk lifts which are contested in the Olympic Games. The clean-and-press was included in weightlifting for many years, but was eliminated from competition in 1972 due to difficulties in defining and judging proper execution technique.
Relative safety and quality of various dietary supplement products U.S. Service Members ask about
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Cindy Crawford, Abraham R. Walter, Bharathi Avula, Andrea T. Lindsey, Aimee M. Hunter, A. Khan Ikhlas, Patricia A. Deuster
Among the 41 unique dietary supplement products selected for analysis, 12 (29.3%) were marketed as pre-workout products for increased energy and focus; 14 (34.1%) for weight loss; four (9.8%) for male enhancement/testosterone boosters; and 11 (26.8%) as body building supplements. The number of ingredients claimed on the product labels ranged from one to 29. Examples of claims found on products labels included, “Training and Recovery Amplifier”, “6x more weight loss”, “enhanced pleasure and performance”, and “promotes massive new strength to power through plateaus and stack on dense, striated muscle”. Questions asked by U.S. Service Members related to whether (1) a specific product was safe to take (2) it could lead to any AE, or (3) use might have professional consequences, meaning consuming such a product could result in a positive urine drug test.
Role of lactic acid on cognitive functions
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2019
Marinella Coco, Donatella Di Corrado, Tiziana Ramaci, Santo Di Nuovo, Vincenzo Perciavalle, Angela Puglisi, Paolo Cavallari, Maria Bellomo, Andrea Buscemi
Bodybuilding is an activity, where diet, resistance exercise, and aerobic fitness are tailored to obtaining an increase in muscle mass and strength. It has its origins in the work of Friedrich Wilhelm Müller [1], known as Eugen Sandow, ‘The Father of Modern Bodybuilding,’ who drew inspiration from classical statuary of the idealized male body. His pioneering work led to the systematic investigation of medical techniques and devices to improve their performance [2]. Sadly, recent decades have seen a tendency to misuse anabolic steroid as supplements to legitimate approaches to gaining muscle mass, this despite the known health risks [3,4]. A recent variant of exercise-based techniques entail basic bodybuilding workouts with the addition of ‘sprint,’ ‘exercise variation,’ and ‘high-intensity exercises.’
Supplement Regulation for Sports Nutrition Supplements
Published in Journal of Legal Medicine, 2018
Whether it is by using proprietary blends or other perfectly legal means of production, one thing is definite: retailers and manufacturers are making a lot of money under the current regulatory scheme.42 One state in particular has been heralded as the “Silicon Valley” of the nutritional supplement industry.43 The State of Utah boasts the largest nutritional supplement market in the country, with reports from 2014 indicating a $7 billion supplement market.44 Moreover, one in every $4 in the supplement market passes through Utah.45 Utah is not the first state that comes to mind when one thinks about fitness and health or nutritional supplements, for that matter.46 Modern bodybuilding started in Southern California, and this area tends to be associated with sports nutrition supplements more often.47 Nonetheless, one explanation for Utah’s hold on the nutritional supplement market is the supplement industry’s favorite senator and Utah’s own, Senator Hatch.48