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Evaluation of a Child with Short Stature
Published in Nirmal Raj Gopinathan, Clinical Orthopedic Examination of a Child, 2021
Nirmal Raj Gopinathan, Anupriya Kaur, Chakshu Chaudhry
Arm span is measured by making the child stand against a vertical surface with both the arms abducted 90° at the shoulder and elbows fully extended (Figure 16.6). The distance between the tips of the middle fingers of both the hands are marked and measured to get the arm span. Arm span measurement has proven to be a good complementary measure for understanding body proportions. It is shorter than height in conditions where long bone growth is primarily affected like achondroplasia.3 Engelbach documented an average arm span – height difference of −3.0 cm and −3.5 cm in boys and girls at age 4 years, with values approaching zero at 9 years in boys and 12 years in girls.2,4 In general, arm span reaches the value of height at approximately 8 years of age.5
Growth and development
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
1.11. In which of the following conditions are infantile body proportions seen in a 5-year-old child?Malnutrition.Osteogenesis imperfecta.Untreated congenital hypothyroidism.Achondroplasia.Down syndrome.
Deaths and injury in infancy
Published in Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones, Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones
The outcomes of disease and trauma may be expected to be the same in individuals of all ages but, in practice, the anatomical and physical differences between children, younger adults and older adults may vary. This may be due to different body proportions, structural differences and metabolic changes. Specific features of injuries to infants and children require their own particular consideration. Some of these considerations relate to the law, and some to medical and pathological factors. Newborns, infants, toddlers, younger children and adolescents have their own unique problems, such as stillbirth and sudden infant death syndrome, which are different from those of fully developed adults. They may also be dependent on others, have a range of vulnerabilities and be at risk of abuse, whether emotional, physical or sexual.
The ideal location of the male nipple-areolar complex: A pinpointing algorithm
Published in International Journal of Transgender Health, 2021
F. W. Timmermans, B. A. M. Jansen, S. E. Mokken, M. H. de Heer, K. M. Veen, M. B. Bouman, M. Mullender, T. C. van de Grift
When specifically looking at the algorithm composition, the appearance of age in predicting NN tells us that with the increase of age, the NN and SNN increases. This reflects the change of body proportions due to aging. The association between age and NAC position in men has not been described before, but is already known in women (Kono et al., 2018). In both models weight was found to be a positive predictor. Prior studies have shown an association between BMI and position of the NAC; suggesting that nipples tend to lateralize with increased BMI (Kasai et al., 2015; Vaucher et al., 2016). Also, the Yue et al. model found that de SNN increases with increased BMI (Yue et al., 2018). At first, chest circumference (CC) and a broader chest (AUX-AUX) was found as a predictor for NN distance, corresponding to findings of earlier published models, including Beer et al. (2001) and Shulman et al. (2001). However, Atiyeh et al mentioned the U-AX distance as predictor of the inter nipple distance (Atiyeh et al., 2009), a finding that we were not able to confirm due to our variable selection criteria. As the horizontal coordinates of the NAC lays in the same horizontal plane as the CC and AUX-AUX, these values are more likely to predict for the NN than U-AX. Interestingly, no variable on the vertical axis was found to be predictive for SNN which is also a vertical vector.
The correction of clothing insulation and ergonomic design through 3D CAD reverse engineering
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Ivana Špelić, Slavenka Petrak, Maja Mahnić Naglić
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the microclimatic volume increase and clothing area changes on the overall insulation value of ensembles. The changes in the volume of the microclimatic air and area were generated by changing the upper limb positions, simulating functional reaching movements for aircrew personnel. To begin the study, the human subjects were chosen to have body proportions analogous to the thermal manikin in order to minimize eventual diversities between the body and the clothing girth values. They were scanned using a 3D laser body scanner as the 3D scanning method was previously proven the most accurate and reproducible method for air volume quantification under clothing. The operating principle of 3D laser scanning is projecting and measuring the reflection of a laser beam after striking an object in a way to engrid the whole surface. The 3D image of the object can be used to find the envelope volume as well as the surface area through post-processing software. The present study will investigate the impact of the volume created by the outerwear garment on the thermal insulation value. The intention was to deduce the threshold volume, after which the thermal insulation will start to decrease.
Stimuli used in the measurement of problematic sexual interests
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2019
Lisa Murphy, Susan Curry, Katerina Klapilová, R. Gregg Dwyer, Tereza Zikánová, J. Paul Fedoroff
Creating sufficiently realistic animated virtual humans is costly, time-consuming, and technically challenging. The developers decided to use the more efficient technique of motion capture in order to record movement. Three female actors from the three age categories previously noted were pre-selected in casting non-verbal behaviour experts. They were portrayed in pre-determined scenes, which were recorded using a network of 20 Raptor-4 cameras. All actors wore a special suit made from stretch cloth with reflective markers attached to key body joints. Body movements were subsequently remapped to a 3D virtual character. To capture subtle facial expressions with optimal accuracy, each actors face was recorded individually using Faceshift software solution in combination with an Intel RealSense depth camera. Body movements and facial expressions were combined into a single fully animated 3D virtual character using the Autodesk Motion builder software solution. Once combined, physical aspects of the character, such as body proportions, could be altered. Moreover, animations can be applied across models. For example, an adult avatar could be shown to display age incongruent child behaviours. This set is currently being tested in a group of self-admitting heterosexual paedo/hebephiles/controls to assess the role of body and behaviour in the sexual response (PPG) and attentional bias (eye tracking). The avatars can be presented in 2D, but also in 3D reality using oculus rift generating a greater feeling of interaction.