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Baroreflex Failure
Published in David Robertson, Italo Biaggioni, Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 2019
In the neck and thorax the vagus nerve gives off many branches. The meningeal branch arises in the jugular ganglion then enters the skull through the jugular foramen to innervate the dura mater in the posterior cranial fossa. The auricular branch (Arnold’s nerve) also arises at the jugular ganglion, communicates with the glossopharyngeal and facial nerves, and ultimately provides sensory innervation to the skin of the back of the ear and the posterior part of the ear canal. The pharyngeal branches leave the nodose ganglion and form the pharyngeal plexus (together with glossopharyngeal branches and cervical sympathetics) to supply efferent nerves to constrictor muscles of the pharynx, the levator palati muscles, and the muscles of the palatal arch. Sensory fibers innervate the mucous membranes from the pharynx to the upper surface of the epiglottis.
Head and neck
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Attachments of occipitofrontalis muscle– origin (frontal belly): skin around eyebrow– origin (occipital belly): sup. nuchal line of occipital bone + mastoid process of temporal bone– epicranial aponeurosis connects frontal bellies with occipital bellies– insertion: epicranial aponeurosis– nerve SS (frontal belly): temporal branch of facial n. (CNVII)– nerve SS (occipital belly): post. auricular branch of facial n. (CNVII)– function: raises eyebrows
Skin and Soft Tissue Injury
Published in Jeffrey R. Marcus, Detlev Erdmann, Eduardo D. Rodriguez, Essentials of CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL TRAUMA, 2014
Jason D. Toranto, Howard Levinson
Because of the numerous nerves that innervate the ear—the greater auricular, lesser occipital, auricular branch of the vagus nerve, and auriculotemporal—a field block is the most effective technique for anesthetizing the entire ear (Fig. 11-7). This can be supplemented with or supplanted by local infiltration.
Bilateral Tapia’s syndrome secondary to cervical spine injury: a case report and literature review
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Alexandros G. Brotis, Jiannis Hajiioannou, Christos Tzerefos, Christos Korais, Efthymios Dardiotis, Kostas N. Fountas, Kostantinos Paterakis
From the anatomical perspective, the efferent fibers of the X and XII CN emerge from the ambiguous and hypoglossal nerve nuclei of the medulla, respectively. The X CN leaves the medulla at the postolivary sulcus, while the rootlets of the XII CN exit at the preolivary sulcus, after travelling ventromedially within the reticular formation, lateral to the medial lemniscus and the pyramidal tract. They both traverse the basal cisterns (cerebello-medullary for the X and premedullary for the XII) lateral to the vertebral artery and penetrate the dura. The X and XII CN exit the skull from the jugular foramen (pars venosa) and hypoglossal canal, respectively. After giving off two branches, the meningeal and the auricular branch of Arnold, the X CN joins the IX, XI and XII CN and run together within the carotid sheath for several centimeters. At the level of the transverse process of the atlas, the XII to ramifies into muscular branches, while the X CN gives-off a few additional branches, including the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the cardiac branches. Of notice, the right RLN arises in front of the subclavian artery and ascends into the right tracheoesophageal sulcus to supply the vocal cords and all the laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid. The left RLN descends below the aortic arch.
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulators: a review of past, present, and future devices
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Lei Wang, Yu Wang, Yifei Wang, Fang Wang, Jinling Zhang, Shaoyuan Li, Mozheng Wu, Liang Li, Peijing Rong
One research [115] covered articles which was published from Jan 1st, 1996 to 11 June 2020. In 261 studies, 67 full nomenclatures and 27 abbreviated nomenclatures were finally screened out, in which, ‘transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation’ and ‘tVNS’ are the most common nomenclatures, accounting for 38.38% and 42.06%, respectively. In a total of 97 combinations of full nomenclatures and abbreviations, the most commonly used nomenclature is the combined term of ‘transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation’ and ‘tVNS,’ accounting for 30.28%. In addition, based on the analysis of the usage habits of nomenclature in 21 research teams, it is found that only three research teams have fixed habits, while other different teams or the same team do not always use the same nomenclature in their paper. Moreover, there is the confusion in the nomenclature of ‘transcutaneous stimulation of auricular branch of vagus nerve (ABVN)’ and the terminology of it tends to be diversity. Bases on the application and investigation, it is proposed that the term as ‘transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)’ is more widely accepted and shall be taken as the standardized nomenclature.
Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Hilmar P. Sigurdsson, Rachael Raw, Heather Hunter, Mark R. Baker, John-Paul Taylor, Lynn Rochester, Alison J. Yarnall
In principle, two types of nVNS devices are commercially available. Transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) is used to stimulate structures of the outer ear such as the tragus and cymba conchae, which are innervated by the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN) [11]. By contrast, transcutaneous cervical VNS (tcVNS) is delivered via a hand-held device while indirectly stimulating the (left) cervical branch of the vagus nerve within the carotid sheath [12]. A pressing issue is to identify the most optimal stimulation parameters such as the current intensity (milliamps [mA]), frequency (Hertz [Hz]), pulse width (microseconds [µs]), waveform shape (sine, rectangular), cycle duration (on/off periods) and optimal dosage. Stimulation parameters used in studies employing the taVNS device vary widely (readers are referred to as an excellent and comprehensive review by Farmer and colleagues [10]). The majority of studies utilize monophasic or biphasic rectangular pulses, with a pulse width between 200 and 300 μs, current intensity at 0.5 mA, and a frequency of 25 Hz [10].