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Saliva, Swallowing, and Lower Oesophageal Sphincter
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The oesophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. The muscular coat of the upper third of the oesophagus, which consists of an outer longitudinal and an inner circular layer of striated muscle, contracts rapidly so that the bolus of food passes down the oesophagus. The muscles of the lower two-thirds of the oesophagus are smooth muscles with intrinsic peristaltic activity. The autonomic innervation of the oesophagus comprises extrinsic (vagus [parasympathetic] and sympathetic [via T8–L2 fibres]) and intrinsic enteric nervous systems. Between the muscularis mucosae and the circular muscle layer is the submucosal (Meissner's) plexus, which primarily controls secretion and blood flow. The myenteric (Auerbach) plexus lies between the circular and longitudinal muscles and primarily controls motility of the oesophagus. The mucous membrane of the oesophagus comprises stratified squamous epithelium, with mucous glands opening into the oesophageal lumen.
Anatomy of the Rectum and Anus
Published in Han C. Kuijpers, Colorectal Physiology: Fecal Incontinence, 2019
A. P. Meagher, W. J. Adams, D. Z. Lubowski, D. W. King
The myenteric (Auerbach) plexus lies between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. It consists of ganglia and internodal fibers (primary plexus) and interconnecting fibers (secondary and tertiary plexuses). There are fewer ganglia in the rectum than elsewhere in the colon.2
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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Auerbach Plexus A network of autonomic nerve fibers in the intestinal wall. Described in 1862 by Leopold Auerbach (1828–1897), professor of neuropathology at Breslau. Histological changes of the plexus in achalasia were described by G.W.Rake in 1926.
Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Tyler M. Cook, Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
The enteric nervous system is comprised of sensory, motor, and interneurons organized into networks or plexuses located within the gut, which are capable of operating independently of the CNS. The submucosal plexus lies between the mucosa and circular muscle, and it regulates secretion and blood flow.39 Enteric neurons between the circular and longitudinal muscle make up the myenteric plexus (Auerbach plexus), which controls gut motility by action on smooth muscle. Enteric sensory neurons known as IPANs (intrinsic primary afferent neurons) detect various chemicals or distension caused by a food bolus, and then coordinate the electrical activity of submucosal and myenteric neurons. Finally, interneurons link the activity of ascending and descending motor networks to allow the “little brain” of the gut to function autonomously (Figure 3).39,51 The enteric nervous system is also supported by local glial cells, which also respond to changes in gut microbiota signaling,52 but we will focus on enteric neurons in this review.
Disruption of the network between Onuf’s nucleus and myenteric ganglia, and developing Hirschsprung-like disease following spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage: an experimental study
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Ozgur Caglar, Binali Firinci, Mehmet Dumlu Aydin, Erdem Karadeniz, Ali Ahiskalioglu, Sare Altas Sipal, Murat Yigiter, Ahmet Bedii Salman
Figure 1(A) shows spinal cord and location of Onuf’s nucleus, S2 nerve roots, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglions (DRGs), non-apoptotic neurons in Onuf’s nucleus in a normal rabbit. Spinal SAH and spastic AKA, spinal cord with Onuf’s nucleus and ischemic deformed neurons of Onuf’s nucleus in a SAH created rabbit are seen in Figure 1(B). Figure 1(C) shows spinal cord, central canal and location of Onuf’s nucleus in circle, degenerated neurons of Onuf’s nucleus and apoptotic neurons in Onuf’s nucleus in a SAH created rabbit. In Figure 2, macroscopic appearances of the intestine of severely neurodegenerated animal following SAH are shown. Normal histopathological appearances of colonic Auerbach’s plexus along with their magnified forms, villi, and Meissner’s plexus are given in Figure 3(I). Histopathological appearances of colonic Auerbach’s plexus along with their magnified forms, denervated lesioned mucosa (Vv), and degenerated Meissner plexus are shown in Figure 3(II). Figure 4(I) shows same histopathological view after stained aldehyde fuxine. Histopathological appearances of colonic degenerated Auerbach’s plexus along with their magnified forms, denervated lesioned mucosa, and degenerated Meissner’s plexus with aldehyde fuxine of a rabbit with SAH are shown seen in Figure 4(II). Figure 5(I) shows normal histopathological appearances of Auerbach plexus of intestine along with their magnified forms, villi, and Meissner’s plexus with NSE. Figure 5(II) shows degenerated histopathological appearances of colonic Auerbach’s plexus along with their magnified forms, villi, and Meissner’s plexus with S-100. In Figure 6, histopathological view of partial degenerated Auerbach plexus of colon along with their magnified forms, villi, and Meissner’s plexus with NSE are shown.