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Anatomy of the Cochlea and Vestibular System: Relating Ultrastructure to Function
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
The inner ear (Figure 47.1a,b) collects, packages and delivers sensory information relating to hearing via the cochlea, and balance via the vestibular system. It is responsible for mechanoelectrical transduction, the conversion (transduction) of movements – initiated by sound waves in the cochlea or by changes in the position of the head in space in the vestibular system – into electrical signals that can then be passed to the brain along the auditory or vestibular nerves. It is formed of a series of bony channels that enclose interconnected fluid-filled tubes (the membranous labyrinth), the inner walls of which are lined by epithelial tissues (Figures 47.1a,c and 47.2). In humans and higher primates, the bony channels are in the temporal bone (Figure 47.1c), the hardest bone in the body, which is fused with the skull. In other mammals, the inner ear is contained within a bony auditory bulla which is not fused with the skull but fills a recess in it and which can be isolated relatively easily.
Hypothalmic-Pituitary Regulation and Aging
Published in Richard C. Adelman, George S. Roth, Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Aging, 2017
Arthur V. Everitt, Jennifer Wyndham
Retract the trachea, esophagus, and tracheal muscles to expose the base of the skull. With the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope find the ridge of the basisphenoid bone between the ear ossicles (auditory bulla) (Figure 2).
Mild hearing loss in C57BL6/J mice after exposure to antiretroviral compounds during gestation and nursing
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2023
J. Riley DeBacker, Bo Hua Hu, Eric C. Bielefeld
A subset of the animals from group ARV was sacrificed after their wean-age ABR tests in order to count the outer (OHCs) and inner hair cells (IHCs) in the cochlea. The mice were rapidly decapitated following inhalation of CO2. Both auditory bullae were removed from each animal. The stapes was removed from each cochlea, the oval window was punctured, and a small hole was made in the apex. The cochlea was perfused with a fixation solution of 10% buffered formalin. The cochleae were dissected in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to expose the organ of Corti and then were stained with DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-20-phenylindole dihydrochloride, ThermoFisher Scientific, D1306, Waltham, MA, USA) at room temperature for 20 min. To validate the results, a few cochleae were doubly stained with DAPI and Alexa Fluor 488-phalloidin (ThermoFisher Scientific, A12379, Waltham, MA, USA). Specifically, the tissues were transferred into the staining solution containing DAPI (1:100 in 1 mM PBS) and phalloidin (1:50 in 1 mM PBS) for 20 min. After staining, tissues were rinsed three times with PBS and were observed and photographed using a fluorescence microscope (Leica Z6 APO Manual MacroFluo, 10x objective) equipped with a Leica DFC digital camera. The collected images were processed to illustrate hair cell nuclei using Adobe Photoshop CS6 (RRID: SCR_014199) and ImageJ (NIH). Sections of individual images were aligned and stitched to generate a merged view of the tissue. Sensory cells were counted at 150 µm intervals from the apex to the base of the cochlear spiral.