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Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Only primates have temporal lobes, which are largest in man, accommodating about 25 percent of the cerebral cortex and including areas with auditory, olfactory, vestibular, visual, and linguistic functions. Important regions of the temporal lobe include Heschl’s gyrus (primary auditory cortex) and the auditory association cortex, which includes the planum temporale in the temporal operculum, the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri, and the occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus. On the inferiomedial surface of the temporal lobe lies the parahippocampal gyrus, which contains the hippocampal formation. On the medial aspect of the anterior portion of the parahippocampal gyrus is the uncus, a small bulge on the surface of the brain that marks the general location of the amygdala lying beneath this surface feature. The temporal lobes are associated with the processing of auditory input and with the encoding of memory. The temporal lobes also may play a substantial role in the processing of affective information, language, and in certain aspects of visual perception. The left side of the temporal lobe deals with language and verbal memory, while the right side deals with the ability to process non-verbal sounds and non-verbal memory (Mendoza & Foundas, 2007).
Motor Aspects of Lateralization
Published in Robert Miller, Axonal Conduction Time and Human Cerebral Laterality, 2019
In section 9.2.2, a number of experimental studies are described which show unexpected involvement of premotor cortex in language perception, and semantic representation, and of auditory association cortex in language production. The preceding paragraphs provide a theoretical framework which makes these somewhat paradoxical findings easier to understand.
The nervous system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
Each of these primary areas is surrounded by a “higher order” sensory area or a unimodal association area that further integrates information from a single sensory modality and provides more complex aspects of the input. For example, the primary visual cortex is the first site of processing of visual information. Association tracts originating in this area then project to the surrounding unimodal association area for higher level processing of this visual input. In fact, the visual unimodal association cortex occupies the remaining portion of the occipital lobes.
Nineteenth- and twentieth-century brain maps relating to locations and constructions of brain functions
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
Figure 18 is a graphic of Flechsig’s findings. It superimposes myelination information on a line-drawing of the left lateral aspect of the brain. It takes full advantage of the knowledge gained about the convolutions by Turner and Ecker. Notice that the convolutions on either side of the fissure of Rolando is in the primordial zone—shown in black crosshatching in the figure. The auditory association cortex (area 10 and broadly encompassing Heschl’s gyrus and Wernicke’s area) is also in that zone. The numerical order of the numbers reflects the chronological order of myelination. However, the order of myelination of specific areas was not exploited by Geschwind in further analyses, but Flechsig’s three broad functional zones were. Mesulam showed the relevance of these zones for current analysis. The reader can refer to Figure 18 for reference. Areas with the earliest myelination, encompassing primary sensory-motor and limbic cortices, were designated [by Flechsig as] ‘primordial.’ [These areas are in black crosshatching.] The next phase of myelination occurred in intermediate’ (parasensory) areas that surrounded the primordial zones. [These are the areas marked by vertical lines on gray background.] The areas that were the latest to myelinate, located in prefrontal, posterior parietal and lateral temporal cortex, were designated ‘terminal’ [the white or unmarked areas] and were singled out as the components that most clearly distinguished human from anthropoid brains. (Mesulam 2015, 2793)
A single dose of ketamine cannot prevent protracted stress-induced anhedonia and neuroinflammation in rats
Published in Stress, 2022
Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro, Cyprien G. J. Guerrin, Luiza Reali Nazario, Bruno Lima Giacobbo, Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx, Jimmy Stehberg, Erik F. J. de Vries, Janine Doorduin
Tracer uptake was calculated in several pre-defined volumes-of-interest (VOI), representing brain regions of sufficiently large size. Small brain regions were excluded to minimize the partial volume effects (Lehnert et al., 2012), due to the limited resolution of the PET scanner (1.4 mm) (Marx et al., 2012). Therefore, the selected brain regions were the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), cerebellum, corpus callosum, entorhinal cortex, frontal association cortex, insular cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, striatum (which included the nucleus accumbens), temporal cortex, olfactory cortex, occipital cortex, parietal cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, brainstem and basal ganglia (which included olfactory tubercle, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and the ventral tegmental area (VTA)).
Interventions with Serious Games and Entertainment Games in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2021
Gabriella Medeiros Silva, Jandirlly Julianna de Souza Souto, Thiago P. Fernandes, Ivan Bolis, Natanael A. Santos
The use of clinical practice entertainment games can be corroborated by cerebral imaging studies. Magnetic resonance images have shown that entertainment video games, such as action games, can activate areas of the prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex and temporal brain areas (He, Turel, Wei, & Bechara, 2020; Montag et al., 2012; Richlan, Schubert, Mayer, Hutzler, & Kronbichler, 2017), which are involved in executive functions (Siddiqui, Chatterjee, Kumar, Siddiqui, & Goyal, 2008), processing the stimuli/coordination of movements (Whitlock, 2017) and memory (Cutsuridis & Yoshida, 2017), respectively. In addition, a study also showed that games with less graphics resources, such as Othello, Tetris and Space Invader, can activate the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, parietal cortex and visual association cortex (Saito, Mukawa, & Saito, 2007).