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Innate Immune System in Cardiovascular Diseases
Published in Shyam S. Bansal, Immune Cells, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2022
Benjamin J. Kopecky, Kory J. Lavine
Confirming this local and systemic pro-inflammatory cycle in heart failure, patients with chronic heart failure had significant elevation of cytokines and chemokines, including TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, ST2, galectin-3, pentraxin-3, and IL-2 [62–66]. These inflammatory mediators are associated with worse heart failure outcomes [63, 64, 67]. They also illustrate a connection with the innate immune system and a pathway toward therapeutic intervention. Pentraxin-3 is produced by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement, and increased levels after myocardial infarction are associated with increased mortality [68]. Deletion of galectin-3 attenuates cardiac injury in a murine hypertension injury model [69] and is an FDA-approved biomarker for myocardial fibrosis and heart failure mortality [70]. In the Vesnarinon trial (VEST), TNF and IL-6 levels were elevated in heart failure and were predictive of increased mortality [63]. Medical treatment of heart failure reduced TNF and IL-6 levels [71].
Angiogenesis and Roles of Adhesion Molecules in Psoriatic Disease
Published in Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, Debasis Bagchi, Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis, 2017
Asmita Hazra, Saptarshi Mandal
Galectins are a family of at least 15 soluble mammalian β-galactoside binding lectin-type alarmins with pleiotropic intracellular and extracellular functions. Galectin 3 (Gal3) is unique among galectins in that it is the only member of the chimera-type group with a C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and a large N-terminal protein binding domain, and it can also uniquely form pentamers. Some of the functions of Gal3 include RNA splicing, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell–cell or cell–matrix interactions. Gal3 may be expressed as MMP cleavable and noncleavable forms. Gal3 has complex context-dependent immune functions. It was earlier considered to be a Th2 polarizing factor and is also known to induce monocyte–macrophage differentiation, interfere with dendritic cell fate decision, regulate apoptosis of T lymphocytes, and inhibit B-lymphocyte differentiation into plasma cells. Gal3 is considered an important mediator downstream of VEGF- and bFGF-mediated angiogenic responses. In angiogenic pericyte endothelial cross talk, Gal3-dependent oligomerization is supposed to potentiate NG2-mediated activation of α3β1 integrins. A part of Gal3 action is through blocking VEGFR internalization. MCP is a natural inhibitor of Gal3, which might prevent the last action and is a candidate antiangiogenic drug.
Management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Published in Muhunthan Thillai, David R Moller, Keith C Meyer, Clinical Handbook of Interstitial Lung Disease, 2017
Damian AD Bruce-Hickman, Helen Garthwaite, Melissa Heightman, Bibek Gooptu
Galectin-3 is found at the cell surface in alveolar epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts (146). Increased amounts are found in fibroblastic foci relative to normal lung tissue. It stabilizes cell surface TGF-β receptor II and has potential to bind other important cell surface proteins that can mediate fibrosis. Galectin-3 knockout mice are protected from fibrosis in response to lung TGF-β1 overexpression or intratracheal bleomycin, and protection in response to insults in other organs is also observed. Circulating galectin-3 has been identified as a biomarker that correlates with subclinical interstitial lung abnormalities on CT with associated restrictive spirometry in the large Framingham cohort (147) and with IPF and AE-IPF in a smaller study (146). Synthetic galectin-3 ligands can protect lung tissue from fibrotic responses to bleomycin. One such compound, TD-139, is currently completing phase 2 studies (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02257177).
A study on relationship between androgenetic alopecia and cardiovascular risk using high sensitivity C-reactive protein and galectin-3 in men with early onset baldness
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Mehmet Sözen, Süleyman Baldane, Sedat Abusoglu, Levent Kebapcılar, Ayşegül Kebapcılar, Fatma Tunçez Akyürek, Ali Ünlü, Süleyman Hilmi İpekci
Galectin-3 plays an important role in intracellular and intercellular communication, growth and differentiation of cells, angiogenesis, apoptosis and inflammation. Since galectin-3 is easily secreted from damaged cells and inflammatory cells, it has been suggested that it can be used as a sensitive diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for various pathological conditions such as heart disease, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disease and neurodegenerative disorders (Lin et al.2009, Hara et al.2020). C-reactive protein (CRP), which is among the inflammatory biomarkers, is overexpressed in inflammatory conditions such as CVD, infection, and cancer. Increased CRP and galectin-3 levels are considered by many authors to be a good marker of inflammation. Therefore, it can be used as a tool to facilitate the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of CVDs (Castro et al.2018).
Sex-specific cut-off values for soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) biomarker increase its cardiovascular prognostic value in the community
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
David M. Harmon, Omar F. AbouEzzeddine, Paul M. McKie, Christopher G. Scott, Amy K. Saenger, Allan S. Jaffe
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plasma was collected, placed on ice, centrifuged within two hours, separated into multiple aliquots and stored at −80 °C. A new, never-thawed aliquot was used for each assay. ST2 concentrations were measured using a high-sensitivity sandwich monoclonal immunoassay (Presage® ST2 Assay, Critical Diagnostics, San Diego, CA) (Dieplinger et al.2009). Galectin-3 was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BG Medicine, Waltham, MA). Hs-cTnI concentrations were measured with a prototype high-sensitivity assay on the Dimension Vista® 1500 System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Erlangen, Germany) . Plasma NT-proBNP was measured with the Elecsys proBNP electrochemiluminescence immunoassay analysed on the Cobas e411 instrument (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). Creatinine was measured with the Roche enzymatic IDMS-traceable assay on the Cobas c601 analyser, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation (Levey 1999).
Serum apelin and galectin-3 in preeclampsia in Iraq
Published in Hypertension in Pregnancy, 2020
Aamal Sattar Taha, Zohreh Zahraei, Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim
Galectin-3 (Gal-3)is a protein secreted by various cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, including the placenta,female and male reproductive systems, heart muscle, immune cells, lymphatic organs, respiratory system, skin, smooth muscle, and urinary tract.Gal-3participates innumerous biological processes associated withcell growth and differentiation (10). This protein has also been implicatedin numerous clinical states,such as inflammation (11)and heart disease (12). Thesetwo outcomes commonly accompany PE in women. Trophoblastic expression of Gal-3 from the placentas of women with PE and HELLP has been previously examined (13). Although the levels of some galectins in normal pregnant women (14)and women with PE (15) have been studied, those of Gal-3 in patients with PE have not been examined.