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Allergic Rhinitis
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterised by inflammatory changes in the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to an inhaled allergen to which an individual has become sensitised (a type I hypersensitivity reaction in the Gell and Coombs classification).
Rhinitis
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Vinay Mehta, Srinivasan Ramanuja, Pramod S Kelkar
Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is caused by immunologic sensitization to one or more environmental allergens, which leads to production of allergen-specific IgE antibodies that bind high-affinity IgE receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils. Upon re-exposure, the allergen cross-links allergen-specific IgE antibodies, resulting in mast cell and basophil degranulation and release of preformed histamine and newly synthesized mediators, namely prostaglandins, leukotrienes and kinins. This early phase response is characterized by itching, sneezing and congestion due to increased vascular permeability, vasodilatation and mucus production. Further release of inflammatory mediators results in a late-phase reaction that occurs 4–6 hours after allergen exposure. Cytokines and chemokines generated during this phase recruit T lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils, which in turn, release further inflammatory mediators which worsen nasal symptoms and prime the nose so that future allergen exposure leads to more severe symptoms. Mediators involved in allergic rhinitis are listed in Table 8.1.
Nasal problems in the athlete
Published in John W. Dickinson, James H. Hull, Complete Guide to Respiratory Care in Athletes, 2020
Typical symptoms of allergic rhinitis include: Facial painSneezingRhinorrhoeaNasal blockage
Seasonal facial erythema in a patient with allergic rhinitis treated using a combination of tranilast and roxithromycin
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2023
A 42-year-old female patient consulted with this institute and, from the beginning of March, exhibited diffuse erythema (Figure 1(A)) with pruritus on the face, mainly on both cheeks, and pale erythema on the forehead. Even during the non-pollen season, she was examined for warts; however, no erythema on the face was observed at that time. She also reported rhinitis symptoms, such as nasal discharge. Pruritus was observed on the eyelid skin, but no evidence of conjunctivitis was observed. Over the last few years, she has experienced repeated facial erythema during the spring season. Wearing a mask to protect herself against the coronavirus (COVID-19) seemed to have been an exacerbating factor this year. As a teenager, she started to have symptoms of hay fever in early spring. The patient had no atopic eczema symptoms. The entire family has allergic rhinitis. Allergic antigen tests (fluorescence enzyme immunoassay) revealed the following sensitivity results: Japanese cedar pollen, extensively positive (5+); Japanese cypress pollen, (1+); orchard grass, negative (−); mites, negative (−); and house dust, negative (−). This patient was unable to undergo a skin test for cedar pollen, but this possibility cannot be ruled out. She reported that she had used 0.05% clobetasone ointment for similar facial erythema 2 years prior. Thus far, this patient had not used any external steroid, and steroid-induced rosacea-like changes, which did not show seasonality, were ruled out.
Tinospora Cordifolia: A review of its immunomodulatory properties
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
Charles R. Yates, Eugene J. Bruno, Mary E. D. Yates
Allergic rhinitis involves type 2 helper (Th2) cell driven mucosal inflammation caused by IgE-mediated reactions to inhaled allergens (Bousquet et al. 2008). Allergic rhinitis symptoms include sneezing, nasal pruritis, airway obstruction, and clear nasal discharge. It is estimated that up to 40% of people with allergic rhinitis have or will have asthma (Shaaban et al. 2008). Due to T. cordifolia’s anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties, Badar et al. conducted a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of T. cordifolia extract in individuals with allergic rhinitis (Badar et al. 2005). Patients (n=75) were randomized to receive either placebo or an aqueous extract of T. cordifolia stem (300mg/day) orally for eight weeks. After eight weeks, subjects receiving T. cordifolia extract reported experiencing less sneezing, nasal discharge, nasal obstruction and itching compared to subjects in the placebo arm. In addition, T. cordifolia treated subjects were found to have reduced eosinophil and neutrophil counts, as well as absent goblet cells, in their nasal smears. T. cordifolia was well-tolerated and leukocyte numbers and cytology results correlated with clinical findings implying that T. cordifolia may serve as a natural remedy for sufferers of allergic rhinitis.
A quality-of-life mapping function developed from a grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy trial to a tree pollen sublingual immunotherapy trial
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2020
Katherine Dick, Andrew Briggs, Robert Ohsfeldt, Tobias Sydendal Grand, Sarah Buchs
Allergic rhinitis is a common inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa affecting more than 20% of the European population. Allergic rhinitis is caused by sensitivity to environmental allergens such as tree or grass pollen1–5. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis include a runny, itchy, or blocked nose and itchy, gritty, or watery eyes. An estimated 10–40% of patients also suffer from concomitant allergic asthma2,3,5,6. In addition to physical symptoms, patients often experience reduced sleep quality, emotional problems such as depression, and social difficulties3,5,6. Patients often require additional general practice services and medication, which can be a financial burden to patients, healthcare providers, and society3,6–8.