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Role of Nanoparticles in Cancer Immunotherapy
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
The active immunotherapy enhances the immune activation through the modulation of different endogenous regulatory and activation mechanisms by enhancing three steps of immune responses: (i) antigen uptake, processing, and presentation to T cells by APCs, (ii) activation and expansion of T cells, and (iii) exaggerate the effector phase of immune response (Figure 12.2).
Peptide Vaccines in Cancers
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Öznur Özge Özcan, Rümeysa Rabia Kocatürk, Fadime Canbolat
Cancer immunotherapy has gained a lot of attention around the world due to the fact that immune checkpoint inhibitors are being produced and studied, and their recent development (Wada et al. 2016). The immune system plays a dual role in cancer: 1) it inhibits the progression of the tumor by killing cancer cells or stopping their growth and 2) facilitates tumor growth by selecting tumor cells that are more likely to survive in an immunocompetent host (Schreiber, Old, and Smyth 2011). As the immune system understood biological expression of cancerous cell destruction, stopping, and tumor development, the existence of “cancer immuno-regulation”' and immunotherapy methods has been inevitable. There are two types of immunotherapy methods in cancer: vaccination and cell transfer therapy. Cancer vaccines are based on active immunotherapy to induce an anti-tumor immune response when immunized with the content of tumor antigens, while cell transfer therapies are based on passive stimulating therapies. It is aimed at actively destroying cancer cells due to the penetration and increase of autologous lymphocytes in tumor cells (Melief et al. 2015; Morgan et al. 2006). In this context, it is now technologically possible to design T cells specific for tumor antigens against cancer and for this, cell transfer therapies can be developed by including genetic engineering technologies. More recently, a new method of immunotherapy, also known as immune checkpoint blockade, has been designed in the clinic (Porter et al. 2011).
General Principles
Published in E. George Elias, CRC Handbook of Surgical Oncology, 2020
Cancer immunotherapy can be classified to active and passive immunizations. Each of those can be reclassified into tumor specific or tumor nonspecific types. While active immunization requires, in general, a relatively intact immune system to stimulate, passive immunization does not. In addition, active immunization lasts much longer than the passive one. Tumor nonspecific active immunotherapy includes: (1) immune stimulators such as bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), methanol extract residue of BCG (MER), Corynebacterium parvum, interferon, and others and (2) immuno-reconstitutors such as levamisole and thymosin. Passive tumor nonspecific immunotherapy consists of the transfer of cellular immunity by the transfer of immunocompetent cells or the immunological component of the cells, such as Lawrence transfer factor. Similarly, and theoretically, humoral transfer can also be established via plasma (containing the antibodies) transfusion. On the other hand, tumor specific active immunotherapy can be achieved by utilizing live autologous tumor cells that have been attenuated by irradiation or treated by mitomycin-C, or by utilizing TAA. These should be mixed with BCG or complete Freund adjuvant, at least initially, and administered repeatedly intradermally. Tumor-specific passive immunotherapy consists of the transfer of immune competent materials (cellular or humoral) to a recipient with low tumor load, if a sensitized donor is found. Monoclonal antibodies are very tumor specific, but have no ability to kill, and several methods are being investigated to enable them to destroy the tumor cells on contact.
Development of neoantigens: from identification in cancer cells to application in cancer vaccines
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Nasim Ebrahimi, Maryam Akbari, Masoud Ghanaatian, Parichehr Roozbahani moghaddam, Samaneh Adelian, Marziyeh Borjian Boroujeni, Elnaz Yazdani, Amirhossein Ahmadi, Michael R. Hamblin
On the contrary, active immunotherapy is designed to engage the host immune system to attack tumor cells within the body [7]. This approach can overcome immunosuppression and result in complete tumor clearance by the host immune system [8]. Active immunotherapy includes agents called immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that can target the checkpoint blockade that prevents preexisting host T-cells from attacking the tumor [9] and a variety of anti-cancer vaccines. Cancer vaccines appear to produce more effective and specific immune responses to fight cancer in comparison with other cancer immunotherapy types [10]. Cancer vaccines rely on the recognition of highly specific tumor antigens; therefore, the identification of cancer neoantigens is critical for effective anti-tumor immunity in cancer patients [11,12].
Immunogenicity and antitumor efficacy of a novel human PD-1 B-cell vaccine (PD1-Vaxx) and combination immunotherapy with dual trastuzumab/pertuzumab-like HER-2 B-cell epitope vaccines (B-Vaxx) in a syngeneic mouse model
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Pravin T. P. Kaumaya, Linlin Guo, Jay Overholser, Manuel L. Penichet, Tanios Bekaii-Saab
The greatest potential significance of our strategy is two-fold: (i) It combines multiple mechanisms of action by activating both B- and T-cell functions and promoting immunological clearance and (ii) It is a targeted approach aimed at inhibiting molecular signaling pathways that are crucial for tumor growth and maintenance. Active immunotherapy offers many advantages, including tumor specificity and the activation of immune responses against antigens that are selectively expressed by tumor cells. Additional benefits of the peptide vaccine approach include the ease and rapid synthesis, safety, lack of toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. Additional advantages of chimeric B- and T-cell vaccines are exquisite specificity and the potential for a durable treatment effect that can be recalled due to immunologic memory. Furthermore, combination anti-PD-1 immunization therapy with anti-HER-2 immunization therapy produced high immunogenicity and greater inhibition of tumor growth. The combined vaccines were safe with no evidence of toxicity or autoimmunity. The development of a PD-1 vaccine in this proposal is highly innovative and when combined with an HER-2 vaccine represents a highly novel promising effective candidate for the treatment of several different metastatic cancers including, colon, breast, and lung.
δ-Catenin peptide vaccines repress hepatocellular carcinoma growth via CD8+ T cell activation
Published in OncoImmunology, 2018
Fei Huang, Junying Chen, Ruilong Lan, Zeng Wang, Ruiqing Chen, Jingan Lin, Lurong Zhang, Lengxi Fu
Tumor vaccines can trigger anti-tumor immune response with minimal toxicity.3,5,35 Tumor vaccines immunization is one of active immunotherapy methods. Active immunotherapy is safe and cost-effective, compared with antibody drugs.5,36 However, tumor vaccines cannot be widely applied for clinical therapy due to its limited effects. Nowadays, researches for tumor vaccines are focused on developing personalized vaccines and finding neo-antigens as targets.37 δ-Catenin has been reported to be a potential biomarker and therapy target for various cancers.15 We find it may be also a neo-TAA for HCC. However, drugs or antibodies targeting δ-Catenin have not yet been developed. We firstly report the anti-tumor functions of peptide vaccines targeting δ-Catenin, which may be an economical and effective way to target δ-Catenin for HCC therapy.