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Behavioral effects of amphetamines and related stimulants: the importance of species differences as demonstrated by a study in the marmoset
Published in John Caldwell, S. Joseph Mulé, Amphetamines and Related Stimulants: Chemical, Biological, Clinical, and Sociological Aspects, 2019
R. M. Ridley, H. F. Baker, T. J. Crow
Stereotyped behavior may be described as any behavioral act that is short, restricted in complexity, and performed repetitively. In addition to stereotyped sniffing in rats, amphetamine also has been reported to reduce social interaction (1 mg/kg)4 and eating/drinking (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg i.v.),5 but to produce an increase in locomotor activity (up to 2.5 mg/kg).6 Stereotyped sniffing, licking, and biting, with increases in locomotion comparable to the effect seen in rats, also have been reported in other rodents, e.g., mice7 and guinea pigs.8
Schizophrenia
Published in Divya Vohora, The Third Histamine Receptor, 2008
Kaitlin E. Browman, Min Zhang, Gerard B. Fox, Lynne E. Rueter
In addition to inducing locomotor hyperactivity, as described for methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity earlier, DA agonists (including apomorphine) induce stereotypes. Stereotyped behavior can be characterized as the continuous and repeated manifestation of a given behavior (sniffing, rearing, or other focused behaviors). In mice, the administration of apomorphine induces a climbing behavior that is not observed in naïve mice [73]. The climbing behavior activated by apomorphine is due to the stimulation of DA receptors in the striatum [73], which is consistent with some of the underlying neuropathology of schizophrenia. As with methamphet-amine-induced hyperactivity, it is not clear how the climbing behavior specifically reflects positive symptoms of schizophrenia in humans. Clinically used antipsy-chotic medications are effective in reducing apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice [74], and as such, this assay is considered to be predictive of antipsychotic potential.
Theoretical Biochemical Mechanisms for Drug Dependence
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
The correlations of manifest behavior with molecular interactions at specific sites in the nervous system are obscured by the exquisite intricacies of the brain. The relations between a neurochemical reaction and its behavioral consequences have many dimensions: among them, time, magnitude and phasing, location (both of the neurochemical event and the means of expressing the behavior), and another parameter which might be termed circuitry potential (the existence of a connection in the neural organization between the two events). Multidisciplinary explorations of behavior have resulted in a fairly accurate notion of its physiological basis, but little detailed information upon the chain of events linking the entrance of information into the CNS to its translation into behavior. Studies of the behavioral effects of drugs have been particularly useful in identifying relationships between molecular reactions in the CNS and behavior, and, conversely, behavioral phenomena have been useful in classifying the psychoactive drugs. It has become obvious that there are common biochemical mechanisms in the nervous system through which many different behavioral alterations are effected, and that various drug-induced behavioral responses are effected through these common mechanisms. For example, although stereotyped behavior is ordinarily induced by amphetamine in the rat, it can also be induced by LSD, morphine, methyl-tryptamine, cocaine, and apomorphine.121 The stereotyped behavior induced by these various drugs is correlated with an accumulation of O-methylated derivatives of dopamine in brain.121 A dopaminergic meditation at specific neuronal sites will be the common mechanism for drug-induced stereotyped behavior, if the biochemical effects at specific dopamine synapses continue to be quantitatively related to the degree of alteration in this behavior.
Non-specific effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on autistic spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Kelma de Andrade Wobido, Marcela de Sá Barreto da Cunha, Samilly Silva Miranda, Jerusa da Mota Santana, Danielle Cristina Guimarães da Silva, Marcos Pereira
Among the clinical trials that found positive results are those of Amminger et al. (2007) and Yui et al. (2012), both of which evaluated PUFA supplementation and various characteristic parameters of people with ASD, such as social withdrawal, hyperactivity, inadequate discourse24, urgency, inappropriate speech, social function measured by the SRS28, irritability, and stereotypy24, 28. After a six-week intervention involving supplementation with 1.5 g/day of w-3 in children aged between 5 and 17, Amminger et al. (2007) observed a beneficial effect with regards to social isolation24. In a four-month intervention using six capsules per day of 240 mg of w-3, Yui et al. (2012) identified a positive result for repetitive stereotyped behavior28. Despite these results, it should be noted that both study samples were small, implying a low weight in the meta-analysis.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Sleep Problems, Challenging Behavior, Adaptive Behavior, and Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2022
Geraldine Leader, Emma Dooley, Sally Whelan, Shawn P. Gilroy, June L. Chen, Autumn Farren Barton, Rory Coyne, Arlene Mannion
The majority of participants presented with at least one form of challenging behavior on the BPI-S (n = 117, 99.2%). The types of challenging behavior included: Stereotyped behavior (n = 114, 96%), Aggressive/destructive behavior (n = 109, 92%), and SIB (n = 96, 81%). Ranges of behavior endorsed by caregivers on the BPI-S varied, with 5.9% (n = 7) endorsing one elevated subscale, 16.9% (n = 20) endorsing two elevated subscales and 76.3% (n = 90) endorsing elevated scores on all three subscales. Stereotyped behavior was the highest reported challenging behavior in 3–6 years, 7–12 years and in 13–18 years. An independent samples t-test found a significant difference in stereotyped behavior frequency between ASD only (M = 11.31, SD = 10.59) and ASD with AD/HD (M = 19.80, SD = 12.04) groups, t (116) = −2.43, p < .05. A large effect size was observed (d = 0.75). Independent samples t-tests revealed no significant differences in SIB frequency, t (116) = −1.422, p = .16, SIB severity, t (116) = −1.60, p = .111, aggressive/destructive behavior frequency, t (116) = −1.26, p = .209, or aggressive/destructive behavior severity, t (116) = −1.42, p = .159.
Age of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2022
Geraldine Leader, Amy Hogan, June L. Chen, Leanne Maher, Katie Naughton, Nathan O’Rourke, Mia Casburn, Arlene Mannion
Pearson’s correlations were conducted to investigate the relationship between age of ASD diagnosis and challenging behavior, as measured using the BPI-S. Analyses were conducted for each of the three subscales of the BPI-S (self-injurious behavior {SIB}; aggressive/destructive behavior; stereotyped behavior), including the frequency and severity of the SIB and the aggressive/destructive behavior subscales and the frequency of stereotyped behavior. Significant correlations were found between age of ASD diagnosis and the three subscales as presented in Table 3. A small negative correlation was reported between age of diagnosis and SIB frequency as well as SIB severity. A negative correlation was also found between age of diagnosis and stereotyped behavior frequency.