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An aging prison population
Published in Joanne Brooke, Dementia in Prison, 2020
The third important factor is recidivism, which is the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend. The high rates of recidivism affect the Australian prison population (Dunn, 2017), as 54.2 per cent of prisoners released during 2017 and 2018 returned to corrective services. Although this figure varies slightly by territories, in the years 2015 and 2016, South Australia had a rate of 37.1 per cent; Victoria, 43.7 per cent; and the Northern Territory, 55.9 per cent (Australian Government Productivity Commission, 2019). In 2016, New South Wales had the highest state prison population, with 48 per cent of prisoners returning within two years (Olding, 2016). Recidivism, mandatory minimums and limiting options for parole have all contributed to the aging prison population within Australia (Aday, 2006; Dawes, 2009; Grant, 1999; Kempker, 2003; Kerbs and Jolley, 2009; Potter et al., 2007).
Violence Risk Analysis and Deception
Published in Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier, Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier
The important role of psychopathic dynamics with violent offenders has been well established in all three generations of research. Psychopathy was found to correlate with the early onset of violent offending and a progression of violent and non-violent acting out through adulthood (Hare, 1991, 1996, 1998a, 1998b; Hare et al., 1990). In studies of criminal offenders with schizophrenia, the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) (Hare, 1991; Hare et al., 1990) was used to test the hypothesis that psychopathy predicted violent recidivism (Tengström et al., 2000). As measured by the PCL-R, psychopathy was found to be an important factor in predicting violent recidivism with this group. Other established recidivism risk factors (e.g., prior violent acts, downward social mobility, and substance abuse) did not explain as well, or better, the cohort of violence recidivism. As discussed below, the PCL-R does not help predict violence in non-psychopathic individuals with a history of violence, nor does it adequately explain the role of deception in clearly psychopathic assessees.
Ethics and Prison
Published in Michael C. Braswell, Belinda R. McCarthy, Bernard J. McCarthy, Justice, Crime, and Ethics, 2019
John T. Whitehead, Bradley Edwards, Hayden Griffin
Measuring recidivism is a utilitarian concern: a search for positive consequences. One religious writer argues that this utilitarian perspective is misguided when it comes to faith-based programs. He argues that faith-based programming is justified as a means of seeking religious redemption or conversion for the inmate. He thinks religious outcomes are not necessarily measurable—that you cannot measure grace or redemption, or that it may take years for the process to take effect. This writer thinks we should offer such programs to prisoners based on religious principles, not out of a concern to reduce criminal activity (Hewitt, 2006).
Reaching young people living with HIV & AIDS and young people in detention with comprehensive sexuality education (CSE): a preparatory formative study in Ghana
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2023
Joshua Amo-Adjei, Adwoa Yenyi, Brian Ahanotu, Joshua Okyere
Some available estimates suggest that around one million children and young people are imprisoned around the world, likely an under-estimated number, nonetheless.35 Most children in detention are victims of intersectional vulnerabilities, including poverty,36 dysfunctional family structures [e.g. parental criminal record/incarceration],37 violence and trauma,38 weak academic and learning problems or low educational aspirations,39 mental health problems,40 and inhabiting insecure neighbourhoods,41 among others. For most incarcerated children and adolescents, interruption to schooling and other skills training programmes could entrench deviant behaviours. Evidence documents substantial effects of correctional education on reducing recidivism.42 For adolescents in detention, CSE may provide considerable benefits to minimising re-entry, as some of the crimes leading to incarceration are associated with drug use and sexual violence, issues that are central to the CSE curriculum.43
Polysubstance use among frequent marijuana users: an examination of John Henryism Active Coping, psychiatric symptoms, and family social support among African American incarcerated men
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2022
Paris B. Wheeler, Danelle Stevens-Watkins, Jardin N. Dogan, Daniel McCarthy
Using marijuana concurrently with other substances is associated with numerous mental health symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms (Connor et al., 2013; Lopez-Quintero et al., 2018; Rogers et al., 2019). African Americans with a history of criminal justice involvement are more likely to experience mental health concerns compared to those without criminal justice involvement (Assari et al., 2018). Further, those who experienced mental health concerns prior to incarceration are likely to be bothered by psychological and emotional problems within a year of release (Mahaffey et al., 2018). However, African American men are less likely to receive psychiatric care compared to men of other races both during prison (Holliday et al., 2016) and after release (Mahaffey et al., 2018). This is especially important given increased recidivism and reincarceration among prisoners with comorbid substance abuse and mental illness problems (Baillargeon et al., 2010). Establishing a link between polysubstance use and psychiatric symptoms among African American incarcerated men would justify targeted dual diagnosis treatment programs that are culturally tailored to this vulnerable population. Targeted programing could reduce risks of both post-release overdose and risk of reincarceration associated with cooccurring polysubstance use and mental health problems (Håkansson & Berglund, 2012) among African American prisoners.
Factors Associated with Repeat Sexual Offending among U.S. Military Veterans Compared to Civilians
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2022
Stephanie Brooks Holliday, Shoba Sreenivasan, Eric Elbogen, David Thornton, Jim McGuire
In contrast to the paucity of empirical research focused on risk factors for sexual offending within military and veteran populations, there is a substantial body of research regarding such factors within civilian samples (Hanson et al., 2014, 2015; Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005, 2009; Helmus, 2018; Mann et al., 2010). These studies have identified a number of risk factors for recidivism. These include prior criminal justice involvement, including offending prior to age 18, history of non-sexual offenses, and noncompliance with supervision and conditional release; having multiple sexual offense types or unrelated victims; impulsivity and self-dysregulation; personality disorder; and employment instability (Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005; Mann et al., 2010). Arguably, such large-scale samples are likely to have included military veterans. However, veteran risk itself has not been independently addressed, a research gap critical to veterans’ community integration and the safety of their communities, which also has implications for the systems that commonly serve veterans (e.g., the Department of Veterans Affairs).