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Risk factors – Treatable traits
Published in Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord, The Asthmas, 2023
Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord
Several tools can be useful in the clinical management of smokers with asthma. These include: Daily tobacco consumption: Ask and document the tobacco consumption at every clinical contact.Nicotine dependence: This is an important determinant of successful smoking cessation and the treatment choices. It can be assessed by several questionnaires, including the Fagerstrom Test for nicotine dependence. Key questions relate to how long a person can refrain from smoking upon awaking, or in a public place.CO measurement: Current smoking can be objectively documented by measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) and urinary cotinine assay.
Tobacco Products
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Nancy Houston Miller, Karen Laing
Without significant intervention, long-term smoking success rates remain low. A recent study by Enyoiha et al. (2019) examined the connection between the willingness of adult tobacco cigarette smokers to try different cessation methods depending on their sociodemographics and daily tobacco use. Results showed that non-White participants were more likely to be willing to try counseling, while those with a high school education or less were less likely to be ready to do so. Lower-income participants were less inclined to attempt medication or any counseling. Those who were highly likely to try any evidence-based method were those with high nicotine dependence or a history of quit attempts. Considering a patient’s sociodemographics and nicotine dependence level may increase the possibility of success when counseling patients on smoking cessation. Additionally, increased education on evidence-based strategies for smokers attempting to quit can be beneficial and are likely to increase cessation within this population.
Smoking cessation
Published in Claudio F. Donner, Nicolino Ambrosino, Roger S. Goldstein, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2020
Francesco Pistelli, Stefania Brogi, Laura Carrozzi
Chronic smokers experience symptoms of craving and withdrawal when desensitized nicotinic receptors become newly responsive during periods of abstinence, such as night-time sleep. The pharmacologic basis of nicotine dependence is thus a combination of positive reinforcements, such as enhancement of mood and mental or physical functioning, and avoidance of withdrawal symptoms when nicotine is not available.
“What is vaping?“ 10-years of Youth Questions Regarding Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2022
Cory M. Morton, Mariam Rashid, Nicholas D’Amore
Youth also asked about the specific risk of nicotine dependence related to ENDS use (5.1%). These questions were concerned with the risk of nicotine dependence related to exclusive ENDS use and not in comparison to combustible tobacco. Youth wanted to know whether ENDS use could lead to addiction and, if so, how long it would take to develop nicotine dependence solely from ENDS use (e.g., ‘How many times do you have to vape before you get addicted?’). Additionally, youth asked for techniques for ENDS use cessation (e.g., ‘What is a good way to stop JUULing?’). Youth were concerned with personal and peer/family ENDS use and asked questions about how to help family and peers with nicotine dependence (3.4%) and requesting specific approaches to cessation (e.g., ‘how do i help a friend that started vaping and could get addicted to it?’; ‘how can i make my cousin stop doing e cigarettes?’). A small number of youth asked about how to resist social pressure (1.6%) to initiate ENDS.
Haplotype-based association study of Opioid Receptor Kappa-type 1 (OPRK1) gene polymorphisms with nicotine dependence among male smokers
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2021
A Albonaim, A Sharafshah, P Keshavarz
The WHO estimates there are 1.3 billion smokers worldwide, 80% of whom are in low- and middle-income countries, with 8 million tobacco-related deaths and 1.2 million deaths due to second-hand smoke, many smokers doing so because of the highly addictive nature of nicotine [1]. With both biological and behavioural aspects, nicotine dependence is a complicated multi-dimensional multi-factorial disorder, and based on the literature of addiction biology, an addicted person smokes ≥10 cigarettes per day [2,3]. Animal studies have pointed to the importance of the Opioid Receptor Kappa-type 1 (OPRK1) gene on nicotine dependence [4]. Altering the function or regulation of OPRK1 results in decreased or increased susceptibility of reward system to beta-endorphins and enkephalins, and gene–gene interactions through epistasis have plausible impacts on the molecular background of nicotine dependence. Variants within OPRM1, coding for the mu-opioid receptor, also have a place in susceptibility and dependence on smoking as a source of nicotine [5,6]. We hypothesised links between three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in OPRK1 (rs997917, rs6985606, and rs6473797) and their haplotypes with nicotine dependence.
Treatment Outcomes of a Multi-Component Mobile Health Smoking Cessation Pilot Intervention for People with Schizophrenia
Published in Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 2020
Alyssa M. Medenblik, Adam M. Mann, Tiffany A. Beaver, Eric A. Dedert, Sarah M. Wilson, Patrick S. Calhoun, Jean C. Beckham
Among substance use disorders, nicotine dependence and its complications lead to the most annual deaths due to substance misuse in the US—over 480,000 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). These fatalities are not equally represented across the US population, as nicotine dependence is overrepresented among certain populations. One population disproportionately affected are people with schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia have higher smoking rates (62–85%; Chapman et al., 2009; Ziedonis et al., 2008), increased rates of nicotine dependence (50–90%; Ziedonis et al., 1994), and smoke more heavily (29–46%; smoking >20 cigarettes per day) than the general population (de Leon & Diaz, 2005). Nicotine dependence increases risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mortality in all smokers; because individuals with schizophrenia smoke at higher rates they are at a greater risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mortality (Hennekens et al., 2005). Smoking and its deleterious effects provide an explanation (in part) for the life expectancy disparity of 28.5 years between people with schizophrenia and the general population (Olfson et al., 2015).