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Biological Approaches
Published in Tricia L. Chandler, Fredrick Dombrowski, Tara G. Matthews, Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 2022
Tricia L. Chandler, Mary C. Hoke, Tara G. Matthews, Elizabeth Reyes-Fournier
Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist used in the treatment of opioid use disorders. Despite its pharmacological qualities, it is also approved to be used as a treatment for alcohol use disorder. Naltrexone has been shown to block opioid receptors, reduce or eliminate the euphoric sensations of opiates and alcohol, and diminish cravings (Lee et al., 2015). Naltrexone, given intramuscularly in a long-acting formulation, is used to eliminate cravings and prevent relapse for individuals with alcohol and/or opiate use disorders (Aboujaoude & Salame, 2016).
Classification and diagnosis: ICD-10 and DSM-5 and their application to substance use disorders in young people
Published in Ilana B. Crome, Richard Williams, Roger Bloor, Xenofon Sgouros, Substance Misuse and Young People, 2019
DSM-5 has been criticised by some, because it makes possible a diagnosis of substance ‘addiction’ in young people who have only occasionally used harmful substances (Frances and Nardo, 2013). Episodic use (ICD-10) (e.g., binge-drinking) is also more common among young people, and is often associated with greater frequency of alcohol-related problems, including risk of accidents, academic attrition, neurocognitive deficits, and increased risk of alcohol dependence later in life (Jennison,, 2004; Courtney and Polich, 2009). This ICD-10 course specifier allows research on this pattern of use and is especially important because screening and brief interventions produce a reduction in episodic use (Rubio et al., 2010). It is also believed that symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal among youth are mild, and over-reported due to confusion of binge drinking and its consequences, (e.g., hangovers). It may be useful to describe individuals who are diagnosed as alcohol dependent at a young age as ‘adolescent alcohol-dependent’ persons, which may represent a less severe form of alcohol use disorder (Caetano and Babor, 2006). In a recent review of the applicability of DSM-5 classification to adolescents, the author concludes that the combined criteria set to diagnose a single SUD, and elimination of the ‘legal problems’ symptom make sense for adolescents. Nevertheless, the paper raises several concerns with regards to four of the symptoms: tolerance; withdrawal; hazardous use; and craving. It recognises brain changes due to maturation during adolescence and that this may mediate sensitivity to drugs (Winters, 2013).
Alcohol Use Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Chwen-Yuen Angie, Sara C. Slatkin
Comorbid psychiatric conditions highly associated with alcohol use disorder include antisocial personality disorder, bipolar disorder, certain anxiety disorders (e.g., social phobia, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]), schizophrenia, and major depression.42
The Sexual Experiences and Sexual Problems Encountered by Men with Alcohol Use Disorder: A Qualitative Study
Published in Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2023
Havva Gezgİn Yazici, Latife Utaş Akhan
Alcohol use disorder is a multidimensional and chronic condition that affects an individual’s physical and psychological state, has an impact on one’s social and economic life, and disrupts sexual health and therefore quality of life (Dişsiz, 2015). It is known that since alcohol can cause neurogenic damage, a long-term and high consumption of alcohol leads to sexual dysfunction in men (Pendharkar et al., 2016; Prabhakaran et al., 2018). High doses of alcohol inhibit sexual arousal, hinders erection and causes ejaculation problems. A long history of alcohol intake affects various systems of the body and leads to almost every kind of sexual dysfunction in men (Ghadigaonkar & Murthy, 2019). Wielding an adverse effect on male sexual functions, alcohol can also lead to low self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and a deterioration of physical health (Diehl et al., 2016). In a study by Prabhakaran et al., where the authors worked with male patients with an alcohol addiction to explore the effects of alcohol on sexual dysfunction, it was reported that 37% of the patients had sexual dysfunction (Prabhakaran et al., 2018). In a study in Central India, it was shown that 48% of alcohol-dependent male patients had sexual dysfunction (Bhainsora et al., 2021). A study conducted in Poland revealed that about 72% of alcohol-dependent patients complained of one or more sexual problems (Siembida et al., 2018).
Male mice exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol exposure exhibit significant upregulation or downregulation of circular RNAs
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2022
Zhe Gong, Xiaoming Rong, Xiangpen Li, Hongxuan Wang, Dandan Liu, Lei He, Jingrui Pan, Qingyu Shen, Ying Peng
Alcohol use disorder is characterized by loss of control in alcohol consumption, a strong desire for alcohol drinking, and anxiety or depression during withdrawal. It involves several neurobiological aspects, including alterations of various neurotransmitters and their receptors in specific areas (1), neuroinflammation (2), and neurohormonal changes (3). Among these, neurotransmitters, including dopamine, glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, and endogenous opiates, are thought to be involved in the motivation for drug seeking and maintenance of alcohol use after developing an alcohol use disorder (4,5). Despite the harmful consequences of this disorder, effective preventive strategies and treatment options remain suboptimal. Moreover, the biomarkers of alcohol use disorder remain unknown.
Prevalence and psychological correlates of alcohol use among Nigerian university students
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Rachel B. Asagba, Samson F. Agberotimi, Abayomi O. Olaseni
Finding on the prevalence of alcohol use among the university student population across the six geo-political of Nigeria revealed that the majority of the students constituting 68.8% of the total sample reported that they do not take alcoholic beverages. It was further established that 16.8% of the participants reported non-risk drinking. This implies that the individuals using alcohol at this level are probably recreational or occasional drinkers, and not likely to experience any serious adverse consequence from their alcohol use. A worrisome part of this finding is the proportion of the sample that reported the dependence level of alcohol use. This indicates a definite problematic drinking behavior to the extent that individuals drinking at this level can be said to have alcohol use disorder. In a related study by Verankar and Vaz (2018) 39.4% of the sampled student population reported alcohol consumption, with the majority (82.3%) of the drinkers being non-risk drinkers and 17.7% reported problem drinking behavior. Previous scholars have also expressed concern about the high prevalence of alcohol use among university students in Nigeria, suggesting that the phenomenon is as a result of freedom and a wide variety of new experiences, choices, and influence that the university education offers (Ajayi et al., 2019; Ekpenyong & Aakpege, 2014; Olley & Alade, 2016).