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Measurement Bias, Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause Modeling and Multiple Group Modeling
Published in Douglas D. Gunzler, Adam T. Perzynski, Adam C. Carle, Structural Equation Modeling for Health and Medicine, 2021
Douglas D. Gunzler, Adam T. Perzynski, Adam C. Carle
Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol dependence is a maladaptive alcohol use pattern that leads to significant impairment or distress. It demonstrates at least three of seven criteria identified by the DSM-IV [26]. The NESARC’s Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV, [27–34] uses 27 dichotomous items (0 = Yes, 1 = No) to operationalize these criteria. These analyses used all 27 items.
Developing General Models and Theories of Addiction
Published in Hanna Pickard, Serge H. Ahmed, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science of Addiction, 2019
Robert West, Simon Christmas, Janna Hastings, Susan Michie
For example, with palatable food, our natural processes of satiation and habituation reduce its rewarding value as we eat more of it during a meal. By contrast, with cocaine and amphetamine, reward mechanisms become sensitised to the impulse-generating effects of the drug (Berridge and Robinson 2016). In the case of alcohol dependence, addicts develop craving, rebound anxiety and adverse physical symptoms that provide a very powerful motivation to resume drinking (Seo and Sinha 2014). In the case of tobacco smoking, rapid ingestion of nicotine leads to strong cravings through multiple mechanisms, including creation of an acquired drive state, similar to hunger, when CNS nicotine concentrations become depleted (West 2009). So development of general models and theories of addiction will involve bringing together a wide range of constructs and processes relating to canonical motivational theory (i.e., a theory of what normally happens) and how abnormalities in motivation occur. These processes will be both internal and external to individuals, groups and populations.
Intoxicants
Published in Michael Y. Wang, Andrea L. Strayer, Odette A. Harris, Cathy M. Rosenberg, Praveen V. Mummaneni, Handbook of Neurosurgery, Neurology, and Spinal Medicine for Nurses and Advanced Practice Health Professionals, 2017
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are prevalent in the United States, with 16.6 million adults over the age of 18 being diagnosed as having an AUD in 2013, while only 1.3 million adults received treatment for such at a specialized facility (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2015a). Alcohol-related deaths are the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States, with nearly 88,000 people dying from alcohol-related causes every year (NIAAA, 2015a). In 2010, the economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption were estimated to be $249 billion (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). The health conditions related to alcohol dependence include liver cirrhosis, cancers, cardiovascular disease, and injuries. It is estimated that in 2012, 5.1% of the burden of disease and injuries globally were attributable to alcohol consumption (NIAAA, 2015a). Worldwide, among people ages 15–49, the leading risk factor for premature death and disability is alcohol misuse (NIAAA, 2015a). The long-term effects of alcohol misuse are unavoidable within the critical care patient population and require conscientious management to avoid serious and potentially fatal outcomes.
The Worsening Outcomes of the COVID-19 Lockdowns on Patients with a History of Alcoholism
Published in Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2021
Most adults consume alcohol either regularly or occasionally. AUD is considered one of the leading causes of preventable death. In the United States, AUD costs society more than 249 USD billion a year. Alcohol is the fifth leading risk factor for disability and premature death in the USA (Witkiewitz, Litten, & Leggio, 2019). It reduces life expectancy by 10 years (Schuckit, 2014). Individuals with mild to moderate use could reduce their drinking without seeking treatment, while those with heavy drinking habits often seek treatment and have a chronic relapsing course (Witkiewitz et al., 2019). Alcohol dependence is associated with psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, panic attacks, mania, hypomania, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and suicide. Psychiatric comorbidities with AUD in turn cause an increase in alcohol dependence.
Treatment of alcohol dependence in Swedish primary care: perceptions among general practitioners
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 2021
Karin Hyland, Anders Hammarberg, Sven Andreasson, Maria Jirwe
Excessive alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor for several of the major health problems, for example, cardiovascular diseases, cancers and psychiatric disorders. In a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 alcohol is identified as a major risk factor for the global disease burden and causes substantial health loss [4]. Alcohol dependence has the greatest impact on the burden of disease and on public health among the alcohol use disorder categories [5]. The level of consumption is highly correlated to the number of diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence fulfilled [6]. More importantly, the higher the level of consumption, the stronger the health effects of a given reduction [7]. Studies on the health-protective effects from alcohol have been published over the years, but a number of recent reports conclude that the risk of all-cause mortality rises with increasing level of consumption, with little or no protection from moderate consumption and that the level of consumption that minimizes health loss is zero [4,8]. A large proportion of individuals with alcohol dependence are already present in primary care for the treatment of other conditions. For many of these, high alcohol consumption has a negative impact on treatment outcomes [1]. According to WHO alcohol consumption is associated with more than 200 health conditions [9].
Implementation of AUDIT in the treatment planning process for alcohol use disorder in Greenland
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2021
Birgit Niclasen, Julie Flyger, Ulrik Becker, Bent Nielsen, Anette Søgaard Nielsen
The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) [12] was developed to screen for alcohol use that causes risk or harm to the individual. The 10 items each score 0 to 4 giving a maximal score of 40. The conceptual domains of the AUDIT are about recent alcohol use, alcohol dependence symptoms, and alcohol-related problems. AUDIT includes questions meant to expose Hazardous drinking defined as a pattern of alcohol consumption that increases the risk of harmful consequences for the user or others. In general, a score of 1 or more on question 2 or question 3 indicates consumption at a hazardous level. Harmful use is conceptualized in question 7–10 as an alcohol consumption having consequences to physical, mental, and social health. Alcohol dependence is seen as a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may develop after repeated alcohol use. Points scored above 0 on questions 4–6 (especially weekly or daily symptoms) imply the presence or incipience of alcohol dependence [12,14].