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Golf Course Construction and Renovation
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Sump and pump drainage. A sump is considered a pit or reservoir serving as a drain receptacle for liquids (water). This sump is commonly in the form of a tank or several concrete rings placed on top of each other and enclosed with a cover (Figure 5.31). A low-lift pump (or sump pump) is then installed inside the sump at the lowest point with a float-activated switch so the water level may be controlled within specified limits. Once a predetermined amount of water is allowed to drain into the sump, the discharge water is then pumped up to an appropriate discharge area. Sumps should be located away from the fairway and in areas receiving little to no traffic. Covering the main drainage line outlet of the sump with a mesh wire screen is also advisable to prevent animals from entering and possibly causing damage.
Organic Telluride Formation from Paint Solvents Under Gamma Irradiation
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2022
Anna-Elina Pasi, Mark R. St.-J. Foreman, Christian Ekberg
All the reagents used in this study were analytical-grade chemicals used without further purification. Tellurium dioxide (TeO2) (Sigma-Aldrich®, >99%) was used as the tellurium precursor in this study because of its possible presence in the containment sump. The alkaline borate [sump] solution (ABS) was prepared from 0.15 M of sodium hydroxide (EMPLURA®, 99%) and 0.23 M of boric acid (Merck, >99.8%) to milliQ water. The pH of the solution was approximately 9.3. The concentrations and pH mimic the conditions present in the containment sump. Paint solvents were added to separate vials of the sump solution to the saturation limit. The paint solvents were texanol ester alcohol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%); MIBK (Janssen Chimica, 99.5%); and toluene (Fluka Analytical, >99.7%). All samples were done in triplicates for statistical significance.
Investigation of the effects of particle size on the performance of classical gravity concentration equipment
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Damla Izerdem, S. Levent Ergun
In this section, SA, SB, and SC denote the tests on Spiral A, Spiral B, and Spiral C, respectively. The SA, SB, and SC tests were performed for the spiral concentration tests. The spiral used for the SA tests was a laboratory-scale, single-start, 7-turn A87D assembly from Mineral Deposits Ltd., Australia, with a diameter of 600-mm and a length of 5-m. The equipment’s feed rate is between 1 and 2.5 t/h, and the pulp density is between 30 and 60% solids w/w. There are two splitters mounted at the bottom of the spiral through the surface, which can be easily adjusted according to concentrate flow. For the SA test, a closed-circuit experimental setup was used, in which the artificial mixture was mixed with water at a feed pulp density of 35% w/w, and the slurry was loaded into the sump-pump. The circulation line and valve setup on the feed line controlled the amount of pulp returned to the feed tank to adjust the feed rate. Tests were conducted at three different throughput values (SA1, SA2, and SA3) with a feed grade of 5.50% Fe3O4 (Sample #1). The feed rates of SA1, SA2 and SA3 were 0.4 m3/h (0.2 t/h), 1.0 m3/h (0.5 t/h) and 3.2 m3/h (1.6 t/h), respectively. The products (concentrate and tail) of each test were simultaneously collected in a steady state.
Tellurium Behavior in the Containment Sump: Dissolution, Redox, and Radiolysis Effects
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2021
Anna-Elina Pasi, Henrik Glänneskog, Mark R. St.-J Foreman, Christian Ekberg
The main components in the sump of a pressurized water reactor in the early stages of an accident are boric acid from both the primary system and containment spray and a base (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, trisodium phosphate) from pH adjustment, originating either from the refueling water storage tank or placed on the bottom of the containment [trisodium phosphate (TSP)] (Ref. 29). Some plants also use a reducing additive (thiosulfate, hydrazine) in the spray system, which is used to decompose iodine compounds and manage the water chemistry. The pH of the sump is targeted to stay above 7 in accident conditions.29 More precisely, the target pH is generally around 9.3 (Ref. 30). The pH is maintained alkaline with a base in order to keep iodine as a soluble species and thus minimize the possible iodine revolatilization from the sump back into the containment atmosphere. However, the radiolysis and pyrolysis of air and cables produce HCl and HNO3, respectively, which can lower the pH of the sump during the accident.31 In addition, reactions of different FPs, including tellurium,20,32 with organic compounds originating from paint, ion exchange resins, or insulation materials in the sump can lead to more volatile species and increase the source term.33,34