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Security in Grid and IoT-Enabled Cities
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, Smart Grid in IoT-Enabled Spaces, 2020
Fadi Al-Turjman, Hadi Zahmatkesh, Ramiz Shahroze
Smart cities can improve the functionality of urban environments and enhance the quality of life and the well-being of people. By the implementation of various smart systems, security and privacy challenges have become an important issue which needs efficient and effective solutions. In addition, it is of great importance to consider the security and privacy threats in the design and implementation of new smart systems. In this chapter, we have investigated and discussed the security and privacy issues in information-centric smart cities’ applications. First, we have introduced some typical applications of smart cities. We then presented the general requirements regarding the security and privacy challenges for smart cities’ services. Moreover, we presented a number of security and privacy solutions for various applications of information-centric smart cities. We finally discussed some open research issues that should be carefully taken into account regarding the performance improvement of smart cities in terms of security and privacy.
Applications of Aptamers to Nanobiosensors and Smart Packaging
Published in V Ravishankar Rai, Jamuna A. Bai, Nanotechnology Applications in the Food Industry, 2018
Luis Eduardo Suárez-Nájera, Stefany Cárdenas-Pérez, José Jorge Chanona-Pérez, Arturo Manzo-Robledo, Jaime Vargas-Cruz, Mayra Luna-Trujillo, Miriam Rodríguez-Esquivel, Mauricio Salcedo-Vargas
On the other hand, through the years, foods have been packaged to maintain their safety, sanity, and integrity, for marketing purposes or to make them easier to handle. Regarding safety and integrity, current food packaging technologies serve as inert barriers against the deteriorative effects of external agents (e.g., heat, light, presence or absence of moisture, pressure, microorganisms, and gaseous emissions) that can even be adapted at real-time environmental conditions (Biji et al. 2015). These characteristics led to traditional packages being considered as intelligent or smart systems. According to Akhras (2000), a smart system is an entity that uses sensors and actuators to act and react in a predicted manner to emulate a biological function, the human body being the ideal or ultimate smart system. Kerry et al. (2006) and Vanderroost et al. (2014) classified smart systems into three main categories: sensors, indicators, and radiofrequency identification (RFID) systems.
Functional Nanoceramics A Brief Review on Structure Property Evolutions of Advanced Functional Ceramics Processed Using Microwave and Conventional Techniques
Published in Sivashankar Krishnamoorthy, Krzysztof Iniewski, Nanomaterials, 2017
Santiranjan Shannigrahi, Mohit Sharma
In modern times, human life is heavily relying on various smart materials and systems, which can be considered as derivatives of nanomaterials and nanotechnol-ogy. A smart material is one that reacts to a change in its environment because of its intrinsic nature and not because of external electronics. The reaction may exhibit itself as a change in volume, a change in color, or a change in viscosity, and this may occur in response to a change in temperature, stress, electrical current, or magnetic field. The change is also completely reversible, and it usually occurs because the structure of the material (i.e., the way the atoms, molecules, or crystals in the materials are arranged) is changing. Therefore, the coating used on spectacle lenses to turn them into sunglasses on a sunny day is a smart material because it changes according to the level of ultraviolet (UV) light. Smart materials and smart structures are a new emerging materials system that combines contemporary materials science with information science. The smart system is composed of sensing, processing, actuating, feedback, self-diagnosing, and self-recovering subsystems. It uses the functional properties of advanced materials to achieve high performances with capabilities of recognition, discrimination, and adjustification in response to a change in its environment. Each component of this system must have functionality, and the entire system is integrated to perform a self-controlled smart action, similar to a living creature who can think, make judgment, and take actions. A smart system can be considered as a design philosophy that emphasizes predictivity, adaptivity, and receptivity. A smart system/structure is defined as a nonbiological physical structure with a definite purpose, means and imperative to achieve that purpose, and the pattern of functioning of a computer or turning machine.13 Smart materials are a subset of the smart system, that is, smart structures at the microscopic or mesoscopic scale. Smart system is a nonbiological structure, which means that the system functions as a biological system too. Such a material will generally include at least one structural element, some means of sensing the environment and/or its own state, and some type of processing and adaptive control algorithm. The development of smart materials will undoubtedly be an essential task in many fields of science and technology, such as information science, microelectronics, computer science, medical treatment, life science, energy, transportation, and safety engineering and military technologies. Materials development in the future, therefore, should be directed toward creation of hyperfunctional materials that surpass even biological organs in some aspects. The current materials research is to develop various pathways that will lead the modern technology to the smart system.
Industry 4.0 and resilience in the supply chain: a driver of capability enhancement or capability loss?
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2020
Peter Ralston, Jennifer Blackhurst
Second, smart systems provide more time for humans to focus on tasks that require critical thinking. In other words, the smart system could not only perform some tasks faster, better and with more accuracy and reliability but this also opened time for humans to do something that smart systems cannot do well: think critically and interface personally with other members of the supply chain. Transport_Trucking’s system allowed users to have complete visibility of the supply chain. Therefore, in the presence of a risk event the creative human could be tapped to solve the problem. This was the same logic for Transport_Logistics where a risk event could be predicted by the system, thereby alerting a human to develop a custom solution. In doing so, these systems take on the monitoring duties and allow the problem solving tasks to be conducted by people. Similarly, Transport_Air chooses the right offer to present to an individual customer. The humans in the system are still designing engaging and innovative offers/ideas/marketing campaigns while the smart system simply ‘matches’ the best offer to the right person. Transport_Air noted how the system allows people to focus on the creative aspect of marketing while the smart system could implement promotional offers in real time:It doesn’t replace the creative aspect so it’s never going to come up with like what coffee we should use, we have to give it those inputs and then it’s able to test those against each other. One thing I’m saying is we’ve put a lot of faith into this system and it’s never going to tell us “you should come up with a totally new message, new copier, new image”. We have to provide that to the system and we had a meeting recently where we kind of looked at all the variance that were in for this one offer and none of them really looked that appealing to me. My thought was, it may not be performing well because we’re not really giving it a whole lot to work with, so it’s only as smart as we provide it basically and it’s not replacing the creative aspect.