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Tool Support for Requirements Engineering
Published in Phillip A. Laplante, Mohamad H. Kassab, Requirements Engineering for Software and Systems, 2022
Phillip A. Laplante, Mohamad H. Kassab
Traceability is especially relevant when developing safety-critical systems and therefore prescribed by safety guidelines, such as DO-178C, ISO 26262, and IEC61508. For example, the standard DO-178C, Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification, which is used by federal aviation regulatory agencies in the US, Canada, and elsewhere, contains rules for artifact traceability. DO-178C requires traceability between all low-level requirements and their parent high-level requirements. Links are also mandatory between source code elements, requirements, and test cases. All software components must be linked to a requirement, that is, all elements must have a required purpose (i.e., no gold-plating). Certification activities are then conducted to ensure that these rules are followed (RTCA 2011). But for our purposes, we are only concerned with traceability artifacts found in the requirements specification document (or ancillary documents).
Overview of the Book
Published in Neville A. Stanton, Daniel P. Jenkins, Paul M. Salmon, Guy H. Walker, Kirsten M. A. Revell, Laura A. Rafferty, Digitising Command and Control, 2017
Neville A. Stanton, Daniel P. Jenkins, Paul M. Salmon, Guy H. Walker, Kirsten M. A. Revell, Laura A. Rafferty
Chapter two presents an overview of the Human Factors and Ergonomics discipline and the methods associated with it. The discipline is introduced with a few examples of how it has contributed to improved display and control design. This is consistent with the overall aim of improving the well-being of workers, as well as their work, and the general goal of improved system performance. Two examples in particular resonate with the purpose of this book, both taken from aviation over 60 years ago but still with relevance today. Safety of systems is of major importance in Human Factors and safety critical environments have much to gain from its application. Human Factors and Ergonomics offers unique insights into the way in which people work, through the understanding of the interactions between humans, technology, tools, activities, products and their constraints. This understanding is assisted through the application of Human Factors and Ergonomics methods, which are also introduced. Some of these are pursued through the rest of the book. They offer complementary perspectives on the problem and can be used in an integrated manner.
Safety Standards and Certification
Published in Chris Hobbs, Embedded Software Development for Safety-Critical Systems, 2017
From the point of view of a product development organization, standards can be a useful definition of “adequate” practices. A company new to the development of a safety-critical application would find a useful set of tools and techniques listed in IEC 61508, ISO 26262, EN 50128, or other standards. Complying with such standards could also be a mitigation in the event of a court case: “We were following industry best practices.”
Design of light weight exact discrete event system diagnosers using measurement limitation: case study of electronic fuel injection system
Published in International Journal of Systems Science, 2018
Piyoosh Purushothaman Nair, Santosh Biswas, Arnab Sarkar
With the growth in technology and larger scales of production, intelligent automation systems have found widespread usage in safety-critical applications across all domains of engineering, ranging from avionics and automobiles to industrial processes, manufacturing and electronic systems. In general, safety-critical systems must adhere to strict specifications on the operation of its critical components. With the rise in complexity of these systems, there has also been an increase in the number of faults occurring in them. Therefore, the properties such as robustness (measures insensitivity to disturbances when the system is in operation Zhang & Van Luttervelt, 2011), fault tolerance (enables the system to continue its operation, possibly at a reduced performance level, even in the presence of failures Koren & Krishna, 2010) and fault resilience (enables the system to quickly recover from failures Zhang & Van Luttervelt, 2011) have to be ensured for these systems in the presence of failures. Now, enforcement of these properties can only be achieved through the incorporation of safe design methodologies which enable efficient active monitoring and detection of unsafe execution states, whenever the system behaviour deviates from its stipulated specification.
A human–machine interaction design and evaluation method by combination of scenario simulation and knowledge base
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2018
Zhanguo Ma, Hidekazu Yoshikawa, Amjad Nawaz, Ming Yang
Human–machine interaction (HMI), which is recognized as essential for process safety, quality, and efficiency, comprises all aspects of interaction and communication between human (users) and the machines via human–machine interfaces. The term ‘machine’ indicates any kind of designed system such as automation which is denoted as the supervision and control system [1]. Automation achieves the better goals such as greater safety, much better-quality control, cost saving as well as liberating human from laborious work. However, automation leads to the reduction of operator system awareness and manual skills while increasing monitoring workload [2]. Although the current design, especially for the nuclear power plants (NPPs), employs the passive safety design which tries to exclude the human from the safety control system. However, in case of automation failure, the human factor becomes critical in the safety critical systems to cope with the accident. This is the famous argument of ‘ironies of automation’ by Bainbridge in 1980s [3]. Therefore, the HMI should be effectively designed to achieve that the human harmonizes with automation to accomplish the safety and efficiency in the complex and typically large-scale systems such as NPP, aircraft control, and manufacturing plants.
The Konect value – a quantitative method for estimating perception time and accuracy for HMI designs
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2018
Marie-Christin Harre, Sebastian Feuerstack
A human operator monitoring a safety-critical system, such as an airplane, a power plant or a semi-automated vehicle must be able to detect problems or errors occurring in the system as fast and accurately as possible to initiate countermeasures in time and eliminate the risk of negative impacts. For this reason, HMI designs for human monitoring tasks in the safety-critical domain try to minimise the time that a human needs to become aware of unexpected events and also try to ensure that the relevant information can be perceived correctly. Both aspects have to be validated before the system is used in real operation. However, testing such HMI designs is a challenging and complex task since user testing is quite difficult in safety-critical domains. Testing critical situations is typically performed in simulated environments, such as a driving simulator to ensure safety of subjects. Measuring HMI designs requires that they are implemented and integrated into the simulation environment, which can be an expensive process. Additionally, operators of safety-critical systems represent a group of highly trained professionals that are often rare and quite expensive. HMI design is typically done in several design-evaluation iterations to gradually improve the HMI, which further raises costs and efforts, especially if a new simulator study is performed for each cycle to measure the metrics. In some cases, this leads to the problem that tests are solely performed at the end of the process with functional systems. This means that design problems can only be discovered near the end of the development process, after deployment of a functional system. This is a late stage to discover issues, and costs will be associated with late discovery.