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The concept of the exposure limit for workplace health hazards
Published in Sue Reed, Dino Pisaniello, Geza Benke, Principles of Occupational Health & Hygiene, 2020
Control banding is a technique that utilises the occupational hygiene approach of anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control in cases where there is a lack of data on quantitative exposure and hazard levels for a substance in a workplace. Processes for control banding are discussed more fully in Chapter 4, but in general it is used to aid the selection of appropriate measures for controlling hazards (e.g. ventilation, containment, substitution) according to the extent to which the hazards are banded (that is, based on their hazard phrases) and on a subjective estimate of exposure (high to low). Control banding has been used effectively for many substances that have not had OELs assigned, such as pharmaceuticals and nanomaterials, and deployed by small to medium enterprises where lack of expertise and expensive exposure monitoring may be a barrier to implementing effective controls. A number of electronic tools have been developed by organisations such as the UK COSHH Essentials, the German REACH-CLP Help desk and the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment to assist in conducting control banding assessments. The International Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA) endorses the use of control banding, but states that ‘control banding should incorporate and complement other more well-established exposure limit and assessment methodologies and control strategies and … should not be considered a replacement for these methodologies’ (IOHA, 2010, p. 1).
Risks of Nanoparticles
Published in Ko Higashitani, Hisao Makino, Shuji Matsusaka, Powder Technology Handbook, 2019
Toshihiko Myojo, Hidehiro Kamiya
The first step in the process of control banding is to identify the hazard group of the target material(s) on the scale from A (safest) to E (most dangerous, such as carcinogenicity), using the material safety data sheets, which provide detailed information on the physical/chemical, toxicological and ecological properties, as shown in Table 7.2.3. The targeted OELs of the hazard groups are usually set for dusts as follows: A (1–10 mg/m3), B (0.1–1 mg/m3), C (0.01–0.1 mg/m3), D (less than 0.01 mg/m3) and E (consultation with experts). As applied to carbon black, shown in Table 7.2.1, the hazard group D is assigned by its carcinogenicity (2) and its specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure (1). The OEL of carbon black recommended by the Japan Society for Occupational Health (2016).5 however, is “less than 1 mg/m3,” and the hazard group D means a safer side decision than the existing OEL. Other OELs proposed by the NEDO project in Table 7.2.2 also suggest the hazard group C for CNT, but this will be reviewed in future.
The concept of the exposure standard
Published in Sue Reed, Dino Pisaniello, Geza Benke, Kerrie Burton, Principles of Occupational Health & Hygiene, 2020
Control banding is a technique that utilises the occupational hygiene approach of anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control in cases where there is a lack of data on quantitative exposure and hazard levels for a substance in a workplace. Processes for control banding are discussed more fully in Chapter 4, but in general it is used to aid selection of appropriate measures for controlling a hazard (e.g. ventilation, containment, substitution etc.) according to the extent to which their hazards are banded (that is, based on their risk (R) phrases) and on a subjective estimate of exposure (high to low). Control banding has been effectively used for many substances that have not had OELs assigned, such as pharmaceuticals and nanomaterials, and deployed by small to medium enterprises where lack of expertise and expensive exposure monitoring may be a barrier to implementing effective controls. A number of electronic tools have been developed by organisations such as the UK COSHH Essentials (www.cossh-essentials.org.uk), the German REACH-CLP Help desk (www.reach-clp-helpdesk.de/en/Exposure/Exposure) and the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (www.stofenmanager.nl) to assist in conducting control banding assessments. The International Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA) endorses the use of control banding but states that ‘control banding should incorporate and complement other more well-established exposure limit and assessment methodologies and control strategies and … should not be considered a replacement for these methodologies’ (IOHA 2010, p. 1).
Evaluation of the exposure prediction component of Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Essentials
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Leshan J. Kimbrough, R. Kent Oestenstad, T. Mark Beasley
Control banding (CB) is a qualitative approach to manage workplace risk. Through use of a generic risk assessment, CB recommends a control approach based on a range or “band” of hazards and exposure potential (AIHA 2007). Initially developed and utilized in the pharmaceutical industry to assess risk associated with new compounds with little or no toxicity information, CB strategies have evolved to provide small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) with a simple method to evaluate the risk of chemical exposures (AIHA 2007; Naumann et al. 1996; Sargent and Kirk 1998).