China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Introduction
Published in Donald L. Fisher, William J. Horrey, John D. Lee, Michael A. Regan, Handbook of Human Factors for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles, 2020
Donald L. Fisher, William J. Horrey, John D. Lee, Michael A. Regan
Operating in parallel with or without automatic steering and ACC are what are referred to as active safety systems, like AEB. Active safety systems aim to prevent crashes, either warning the driver or taking over the control of the vehicle, often in emergency situations. Thus, active safety systems differ from passive safety systems that aim to mitigate the injury impacts of crashes on vehicle occupants. Moreover, unlike ACC and automatic steering, active safety systems are not continually providing input to the vehicle. Active safety systems can be present at any one of the SAE Levels (left side of Table 1.1). Because, in theory, any one of the SAE Levels 1–4 can revert to any lower level, all active safety systems that interface with the driver must remain operable. However, because SAE Level 5 is imagined to be fully automatic, it will include only a subset of the active safety systems (e.g., it will include AEB, but not blind spot warnings for the driver, because the driver never needs himself or herself to change lanes). Active safety systems are sometimes identified with SAE Level 0, though this can create confusion because, as noted, this technology can operate in parallel with higher levels of automation (e.g., a Level 2 vehicle might also have Level 0 vehicle technology if AEB was labeled as Level 0 rather than as an active safety system).
Driver vehicle interfaces and older adults
Published in Carryl L. Baldwin, Bridget A. Lewis, Pamela M. Greenwood, Designing Transportation Systems for Older Adults, 2019
Carryl L. Baldwin, Bridget A. Lewis, Pamela M. Greenwood
Active safety systems are designed to prevent crashes. They include things like electronic stability control, automatic emergency braking, forward collision avoidance alerts, and blind-spot detection systems. Some of these are mentioned in Chapter 5 and described in detail in Chapter 11. Active safety systems are designed to understand the state of the vehicle and its environment and either to provide feedback to the driver on that state so that a decision can be made by the driver or to automatically initiate some form of vehicle control in an effort to avoid an unsafe event. Many new cars currently have a number of sensors that can detect the potential for forward and rear collisions and provide the driver with a warning in visual, auditory, or vibrotactile format to help the driver guide the control of the vehicle. These sensors essentially function as another set of eyes on the surrounding roadway and can greatly assist older drivers if designed appropriately.
Vehicle Functional Domains and Their Requirements
Published in Nicolas Navet, Françoise Simonot-Lion, Automotive Embedded Systems Handbook, 2017
Françoise Simonot-Lion, Yvon Trinquet
Demands for vehicles ensuring the safety of driver and passengers are increasing, and are both customer-driven as well as regulatory-based. As mentioned in Section 1.1, the challenge to the automotive industry is to design cars whose embedded systems are able to reach the required safety level at minimal costs. In fact, automotive embedded safety systems target two objectives: “active safety” and “passive safety,” the former letting off a warning before a crash and the latter acting after a crash. Seat belts and airbags are examples of systems that help to reduce the effects of an accident, and so they contribute to passive safety. Nowadays, the passive safety domain has reached a good maturity level. An airbag is controlled by a complex algorithm embedded on an ECU and consumes information provided by other systems. Alerted by signals coming from various sensors (deceleration, vehicle speed), this algorithm regulates the right moment to deploy the airbags. The device has to work within a fraction of a second from the time a crash is detected by the sensor to its activating the airbag. As far back as 1984, the U.S. government required cars being produced after April 1, 1989 to have airbags on the driver’s side (U.S. Department of Transportation) and in 1998, dual front airbags also became mandatory. Active safety refers to avoiding or minimizing an accident and systems such as braking systems, ABS, ESP, lane keeping, etc., have been specified and marketed for this purpose. The most advanced technological solutions (Chapter 3) are adaptive cruise control and collision warning/avoidance/mitigation systems that contribute to the concept of advanced driver assistance. In general, active safety systems interpret signals provided by various sensors and other systems to assist the driver in controlling the vehicle and interact strongly with almost all the systems embedded in the car.
Adaptive autonomous emergency braking model based on weather conditions
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2023
Ling Han, RuoYu Fang, Hui Zhang, GuoPeng Liu, ChangSheng Zhu, RuiFeng Chi
Vehicle active safety technology collects information and provides early warning to vehicles to reduce the incidence of accidents and thus reduce or avoid injuries to drivers and other people on the road. Information about the surrounding vehicles is obtained through the vehicle’s sensors, and the collected information is processed through the computing unit. Through the performance module, the driver is given an early warning, or the vehicle obtains corresponding measures to avoid a collision. These techniques include adaptive cruise control, AEB, and antilock braking systems. According to an analysis of NHTSA data, about 70% of crashes are caused by a following car rear-ending the leading car (Hubele and Kennedy 2018). When the data are collected by the sensor module and processed by the calculation module, the AEB system can warn drivers or provide braking signals to prevent collision.
Electric Vehicle Control and Driving Safety Systems: A Review
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Passive safety system, such as seat belts, crumble zones, laminated glass, air bags, reduces the effect of accident when they (accidents) become unavoidable. In contrast, active safety systems such as Cruise and Chassis Control (CCC), Traction Control (TC), Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS), Collision Warning (CW), brake assist, night vision assist help in controlling the vehicle [3] in the case of an unexpected situation while driving by averting any serious accident. Most of the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) released over the years that help in avoiding accidents can also be regarded as an “active” safety practice working on innovative technologies. In other words, active safety systems function in the background, overseeing the driving circumstances and actively help in tuning the driving dynamics of the vehicle to divert any risk of an accident.
An investigation of the crashworthiness performance and optimization of tetra-chiral and reentrant crash boxes
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2022
Cüneyt Aktaş, Erdem Acar, Mehmet Ali Güler, Murat Altın
According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the prevention of road traffic accidents, more than 3700 people die worldwide every day, on average, due to injuries related to traffic accidents (World Health Organization 2018). While deaths from traffic accidents ranked 9th in the world in 1990, this rose to 3rd place in 2020. It is predicted that these numbers will rise further if necessary preventive measures are not taken. Various safety measures are used in cars to ensure the safety of both the driver and passengers in the event of an accident. These may be considered to be of two types, active and passive safety systems. Active safety systems include equipment (e.g., ABS, EPS, and ASR), which reduce the possibility of accidents by assisting the driver in driving safely. Equipment, such as seat belts, airbags, and crash boxes are passive safety systems that aim to ensure that the occupants of the vehicle are affected at a minimum level in the event of an accident.