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Renewable Energy Scenario of the World and Future Pattern
Published in Neeraj Gupta, Anuradha Tomar, B Rajanarayan Prusty, Pankaj Gupta, Renewable Energy Integration to the Grid, 2022
Karan Singh Joshal, Ashiq Hussain Lone, Neeraj Gupta, Anuradha Tomar, Rakesh Sehgal
Biomass refers to the organic matters coming from plants and animals which are recently living and have stored sun’s energy. The classification into different types of biomass (Seveda et al. 2011) is based on their sources. The following are the different types of biomass: Biomass from Waste: Animal and Municipal WasteIt includes farm slurries and poultry litters from animal farming (cattle and pig farming). Other animal waste from slaughterhouses and fish processing is also a good source of biomass. While municipal waste includes commercial and residential wastes like human excreta, food, paper, etc., it also includes sewage wastes in liquid form.Agricultural BiomassThis includes agricultural residues (like stalks, leaves, branches, pruning’s waste, etc.) and by-products of agricultural processes.Forest BiomassForest trees are the main contributor with its parts like trunks, leaves, barks, and roots. The by-products (wood chips and saw dust) from the wood industry processes are also used as biomass.Energy FarmingThe term energy farming is used on a broader way for production of biomass feedstocks in a short period of time. It includes some certain types of crops, trees, and shrubs, which require relatively less harvesting time and are used as a biomass feedstock.Marine BiomassIt includes algae and other marine biomass (like kelps, water hyacinths, etc.) which are also the source for producing biomass feedstock.
Sustainability of the Tire Industry: Through a Material Approach
Published in Neha Kanwar Rawat, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Applied Biopolymer Technology and Bioplastics, 2021
Sanjit Das, Hirak Satpathi, S. Roopa, Saikat Das Gupta
The BF Goodrich Co. has manufactured passenger car tires and the United States Rubber Co. Ltd has produced heavy-duty rayon cord truck tires from Dandelion rubber [43]. Road tests reveal that the tread wear, of dandelion, made tires are 94% as good as that of guayule rubber. Building tack of dandelion is better than guayule and similar to that of NR. Soybean oil used in Goodyear Tire can increase tread life by 10%. In 2012, Bridgestone have announced a tire made out of soybean oil [44]. Goodyear and DuPont Industrial Biosciences are working together to develop bio isoprene. Pirelli and Versalis have initiated joint research project for the use of guayule based NR for tire production [45]. In 2012, Dutch Tire Company Apollo Vredestein have produced prototype of tires using NR made from Guayule and Russian Dandelion. In 2015, Bridgestone Japan produced tires using Guayule rubber. Michelin has announced that by 2048, all of its tires will be manufactured using 80% sustainable materials and 100% of all tires will be recycled. Currently, they are using 28% sustainable materials like NR, sunflower oil, limonene, etc., and 2% recycled materials like crumb rubber [36]. The Bio Butterfly program is launched in 2012 with Axens and IFP energies Novelties, to produce synthetic elastomers from biomass like wood, straw, beat. Michelin and Axens have announced that first industrial scale prototype plant will start by end of this year 2019 for manufacturing butadiene from bioethanol [46]. Falken’s clever new Enasave 100 tire has been made using natural alternatives replacing synthetic rubber, and conventional carbon black with biomass-derived carbon black. Instead of using fossil resources for rubber antioxidants, the tire is made by a unique process. They have used plant oil instead of mineral oil with NR and silica. Obviously, these tires have eco-friendly benefits. Enasave 100 tires consist of better wear resistance, better fuel efficiency, and wet grip performance. Michelin are aiming for replacing oil-based elastomers by wood chips from wood industry waste. They are hoping to have first wooden tire sometime in future in 2020 [47]. Bridgestone have displayed concept tire of 100% sustainable material at the 2012 Paris Motor show and commitment is that by 2050, 100% sustainable material usage. Bridgestone is hoping for, by the year 2020 commercial sales of sustainable tire will take place [48].
Evaluation of Biomass Residuals in Portugal Mainland
Published in Naim Hamdia Afgan, Maria da Graça Carvalho, New and Renewable Energy Technologies for Sustainable Development, 2020
The wood residues were estimated considering branches and tops as well as bark from eucalyptus that in some cases is removed in the pulp industries. The branches and leaves left in the forest are important but the larger branches with diameter above 3 cm may take 7 years to decompose and during this process the wood may generate [8] about 12% CH4 and 57% CO2 of its mass. This implies a greenhouse gas effect larger than if they are burned. Another important contributions to biomass residues are those resulting from the wood industry. According to A.D. Little [3] in 1985 there was a total of 2460*103 tons/year residues from the wood industry, from which 1340*103 ton/year of the residues were used by other industries to generate heat (e.g. refractory 490*103 ton/year and bread making 150*103 ton/year). The wood industry consumed 900*103 tons/year of the remaining residues leaving 200*103 ton/year unused. The residues in the wood industry are mainly used for the production of wood boards (496*103 ton/year) and energy generation in pulp industry (136*103 ton/year). The pulp industry imports biomass residues that are used together with their own biomass residues in biomass boiler that contributes to the production of steam in the factories. In Portugal one plant is equipped with a fluidised bed gasifier with capacity of 2.4 ton/h, another with a fluidised bed combustor (23 MWth) and other three are equipped with grate fired boilers. The consumption of wood residues on the other industries is believed to have decreased as a consequence of the introduction of natural gas in Portugal. The collection of information from sawing and carpentry workshops is difficult due to the large number (>1000) of companies involved. A survey made in 1999 to 557 companies [6] showed that from a total of 1086*103 ton/year, 15% was unused. Wood board industries are few and contacts showed that all residues acquired by these factories are fully integrated in their products or used to generate thermal energy. The available biomass residuals from the wood industry not currently use are therefore estimated around 200*103 ton/year.
Challenges when working with renewable materials: knocking on wood?
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Fredrik Henriksson, Kerstin Johansen, Simon Schütte
One of the industries already working with renewable materials is the wood industry, hereby defined as the industry sector working with refinement of wood from cut raw material into products, not including the paper and pulp segments. The Swedish wood industry is a sizeable industry, with just the furniture and kitchen interior segment generating a production value of 25.3 billion SEK in 2019 and employing over 13,000 people (TMF 2020). Given the size of the industry, it seems appropriate to investigate how this industry segment works with renewable materials. Therefore, the authors set out to understand the design and product development processes in the wood industry, especially the parts of industry creating interior components and furniture. The intention of this was to understand how other industries can utilise experience from the wood industry in their transition towards using more sustainable materials.
Environmental and Economic Aspects of Combustion of Biomass Pellets Containing a Waste Glycerol
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2021
In recent years, the use of biomass boilers adapted for pellets burning has become an increasingly popular and environmentally friendly method of heating. Biomass boilers are becoming more and more modern, allow for acceptable combustion efficiency, and are automated. The main sources of biomass for the production of pellets are wood by-products obtained from the wood industry. Additionally, a significant share of the energy market includes plant material, agriculture waste, and energy crops which are broadly available and relatively cheap (Radomiak et al. 2017; Serrano, Portero, Monedero 2013). Because for the production of pellets, water is normally used as binder (Serrano, Portero, Monedero 2013), there is reason to consider glycerol instead of water which can contribute to a higher calorific value of pellets. Previous research has shown that addition of the waste glycerol to pellets causes the decrease of concentration of NOx in flue gas – what also makes this solution environmentally friendly (Bala-Litwiniak and Radomiak 2019).
Internal and external factors of competitiveness shaping the future of wooden multistory construction in Finland and Sweden
Published in Construction Management and Economics, 2019
Anne Toppinen, Miska Sauru, Satu Pätäri, Katja Lähtinen, Anni Tuppura
In sum, the panelists appear to be highly like-minded in believing that the wood industry will be more diversified by 2030 and that due to technological development, more value-added products made from lower quality raw materials will be available on the market. However, some skepticism remained, especially on whether the industry will still struggle with competitiveness. Experts do not fully appear to believe in the transformative power of building regulations and emerging business opportunities in WMC. Therefore, we investigated reasons for this in the next Delphi-round using interviews to enable more in-depth insights (von der Gracht 2012).