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Recent Developments in the Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Oily Sludge from the Petroleum Industry
Published in Sunil Kumar, Zengqiang Zhang, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Ronghua Li, Biological Processing of Solid Waste, 2019
Surendra Sarsaiya, Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi, Archana Jain, Saket Mishra, Qi Jia, Fuxing Shu, Jiao Li, Yumin Duan, Ranjan Singh, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Jingshan Shi, Jishuang Chen
Some European nations have already introduced the scheme of the white certificate, which outlines the obligations and commitments of producers, suppliers, and distributors of oil, gas, and electricity to undertake energy-efficiency measures that ensure that their final users save an amount of energy equal to a predefined percentage of their once-a-year power delivery. White certificates are papers certifying a definite mitigation of power utilization. European nations like Great Britain introduced the scheme for bulk suppliers to conserve energy sources with the possibility of trading certificates. Italy started the white certificate scheme in January 2005 and France a year later, while Denmark and the Netherlands are considering introducing it in the near future. Certainly, this is an era of great promise for the prudent progress of sustainable technologies. The integration of human ingenuity, innovative ideas, and novel technologies continues to develop novel, cleaner, sustainable technologies for handling hydrocarbon contamination. Biotechnology has developed into a significant tool for novel approaches in petroleum business throughout the oil production, decontamination, and processing units in addition to managing contaminants out of harm’s way and clearance practices.
Country Reports
Published in Pierre Langlois, Shirley J. Hansen, World ESCO Outlook, 2020
Pierre Langlois, Shirley J. Hansen
In 2004, the innovative mechanism of tradable certificates, “Energy Efficiency Certificates or White Certificates” (Decree of July 20, 2004 issued by the Ministry of Productive Activities jointly with the Ministry of the Environment and Land Protection), was enacted as an incentive for energy efficiency measures. These certificates are known as Titoli di Efficienza Energetica or TEEs. Electrical energy and gas distributors have the yearly obligation to deliver to the Autorità per l’Energia Elettrica ed il Gas (AEEG) a certain number of TEEs (proportional to their sales volume). The TEEs are issued by the Gestore Mercati Energetici (GME) for certified energy savings of primary energy.
Energy policies and policy evaluation
Published in Kornelis Blok, Evert Nieuwlaar, Introduction to Energy Analysis, 2020
Kornelis Blok, Evert Nieuwlaar
For renewable energy obligations, it is relatively easy to show that the obligation is met, as measuring the amount of renewable energy production is relatively straightforward. This is more difficult in the case of an energy efficiency obligation: what is needed is to measure how much energy was not used. This requires quite detailed procedures for monitoring and evaluation. Just as in the case of renewable energy obligations, trading is often possible. The tradable proofs of energy savings are then called white certificates. Energy efficiency obligations are in place in many states of the USA, and various European countries.
Can environmental regulations facilitate total-factor efficiencies in OECD countries? Energy-saving target VS emission-reduction target
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Yun Wang, Yan Dong, Xiaohua Sun
Energy-saving target regulations mainly guide enterprises to improve the energy efficiency or energy consumption structure, to finally achieve the goal of energy saving (Guan 2014). Improving energy efficiency, which means less energy input but with constant output, can be achieved by avoiding energy waste or adopting energy-saving technology in the production process. The implementation of a white certificate scheme encourages firms to achieve energy-saving targets and increase energy efficiency. White certificates are delivered by the administration to actors who participating in energy-saving programs, allowing the actors to fulfill their commitments fixed by the government in terms of energy efficiency quantitative targets in a certain period. Under the white certificate scheme, the firms have to decrease total energy input or buy white certificates in the market. Meanwhile, the firms that fulfill the energy-saving target can gain profits through the sales of surplus certificates. It is worth noting that it takes a period for the regulations to take effect on energy efficiency improvement. Subsequently, the increased energy efficiency may stimulate additional energy demand and even increase the amount of energy consumption, which is called “rebound effects” (Greening et al. 2000).
Assessing drivers of energy consumption and progress toward energy targets in Italy
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2020
To deliver the energy-saving target, Italy relies on three policy measures: the White Certificates, the Thermal Account, and the tax deductions (Ministry of Economic Development, Directorate-General for the electricity market, renewable energy, energy efficiency and nuclear energy 2014). The White Certificates represent a financial and tradable instrument attesting to the achievement of end-use energy savings through energy efficiency improvement initiatives and projects mostly in industry but also in the residential and services sectors. The White Certificate scheme was enacted in 2005 and was imposed on electricity and gas distributors (DSOs) with more than 100,000 users connected to their grid (from 2008, the obligated parties’ threshold was 50,000 users). Each year, these parties are required to deliver a number of certificates proportionate to the energy they distribute. From 2014 to 2020, the White Certificate scheme is expected to deliver 16 Mtoe of final energy savings (0.5 Mtoe in 2014, 1.1 Mtoe in 2015, 1.8 Mtoe in 2016, 2.1 Mtoe in 2017, 2.7 Mtoe in 2018, 3.5 Mtoe in 2019, and 4.3 Mtoe in 2020), corresponding to 62.7% of the mandatory energy-saving target.