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Area Monitoring and Contingency Planning
Published in Martha J. Boss, Dennis W. Day, Air Sampling and Industrial Hygiene Engineering, 2020
When radiation levels in an area are normal background, portable survey instruments can be quite effective in detecting certain types of radioactive contamination. Most GM meters can detect 32P with efficiencies exceeding 20%, and 125I can be detected at efficiencies nearing 20% with a thin crystal (Nal) scintillation probe. All survey instruments are only as good as their maintenance. A portable survey meter must be calibrated every 6 months and verified before each use by monitoring a suitable check source.
Radiological incidents and emergencies
Published in Alan Martin, Sam Harbison, Karen Beach, Peter Cole, An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 2018
Alan Martin, Sam Harbison, Karen Beach, Peter Cole
Perhaps the most common ‘abnormal occurrence’ in a laboratory is a minor spillage of up to a few megabecquerels of radioactive solution. The frequency of such events is minimized by good laboratory practices such as keeping containers of radioactive solutions in trays to contain any spillage. However, spills do occur even in the best-regulated laboratories but, if they are dealt with correctly, the contamination and therefore the incident should not spread outside the laboratory or area in which it occurred. After carrying out any personnel decontamination that may be required, the most important action is to clean up the radioactive contamination using absorbent materials before it dries out and becomes airborne.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Decontamination for Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Chemical agents and biological toxins are poisonous materials. Radiological materials and nuclear devices can produce radiation and radioactive contamination. Explosives are chemicals that produce mechanical damage when they go off. Etiological materials are living organisms that can be biological terrorist agents. Respiratory protection is by far the most important aspect of PPE for emergency response personnel called to a terrorist incident.
Phytoremediation of radioactive elements, possibilities and challenges: special focus on agricultural aspects
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Gursharan Singh, Surabhi Bhadange, Fnu Bhawna, Pratiksha Shewale, Rahul Dahiya, Ashish Aggarwal, Fnu Manju, Shailendra Kumar Arya
Several chemical and physical methods have been applied to control the radioactive contamination, but the bioremediation through microbes is well-studied and easiest process that break down the toxic compounds or convert them into less toxic (Şengör et al. 2016; Bader et al.2018). Several radioactive radiation-resistant bacteria have been isolated from different environments such as from thermal vats, paper mills, sewage and irradiated meat. The most widely reported radiation-resistant bacteria are belongs to the genus Dinococcus and evaluated for the bioremediation (Table 2). The two bioremediation routes are existed, in-situ (applied at the contamination site) and ex-situ (performed away from the contaminated site). Microbial bioremediation, includes the bio-reduction, biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biomineralization by use of prokaryotes and fungi (Chen et al.2020; Haldar and Ghosh 2020). Microbes are preferred for decontamination of radionuclides from soil and water because they releases many biocatalysts, reducing agents and metabolites that helps them to use these pollutants as energy sources.
The Effect of Intrinsic Radiation from a 3 × 3-in. LaBr3(Ce) Scintillation Detector on In Situ Artificial Radiation Measurements
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2018
Li Sangang, Cheng Yi, Wang Lei, Yang Li, Liu Huan, Liao Jiawei, Zeng Liyang, Luo Yong, Wang Xiaoyu, Pei Qiuyan, Wang Jie
Since the 1950s, in situ gamma spectroscopy measurement has often been used in radiation monitoring to detect radioactive material in luggage; at border control checkpoints; for in-field monitoring; during illicit transfer of nuclear material; and in radioactive contamination sites, e.g., the Fukushima nuclear accident site.1–5 The NaI(Tl) detector is the main choice for radiation monitoring because of its high detection efficiency, stable performance, and low price. However, because of growing requirements for higher resolution in the above deployments, its performance is limited because its energy resolution is not very high.6 Cerium-doped lanthanum bromide [LaBr3(Ce)], with its excellent properties, is capable of meeting these requirements. It has high brightness (>65 000 photons/MeV), fast decay time (16 ns), and better energy resolution (<3% full-width at half-maximum at 662 keV) compared to NaI(Tl) (6% to 8%) [Fig. 1 shows the energy resolution for the 137Cs point source at 661.7 keV in the NaI(Tl) detector and the LaBr3(Ce) detector].7,8 Some researchers have already investigated the properties of LaBr3(Ce) for marine environmental monitoring6 and in vivo measurement of 131I activity retention in the thyroid,9 and because of its efficiency, others have included it for in situ gamma spectrometry and prompt gamma tests.10 However, it has been identified that lanthanum halide scintillators including the LaBr3(Ce) ones have intrinsic activity.7
Remote radiation imaging system using a compact gamma-ray imager mounted on a multicopter drone
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2018
Yuki Sato, Shingo Ozawa, Yuta Terasaka, Masaaki Kaburagi, Yuta Tanifuji, Kuniaki Kawabata, Hiroko Nakamura Miyamura, Ryo Izumi, Toshikazu Suzuki, Tatsuo Torii
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS), operated by Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. (TEPCO), went into meltdown after a large tsunami erupted due to the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011. Large amounts of radionuclides were released from the damaged plant. Radiation distribution measurements inside the buildings of the FDNPS are indispensable to execute the decommission tasks in the reactor buildings. The main radioactive contamination inside the buildings is radioactive cesium, and a handheld survey meter has been used for the gamma survey. However, the radiation exposure to the workers inside the buildings during the survey is a critical issue. In addition, contamination level measurements for a wide area using survey meters is time consuming, and locally existing hotspots are overlooked. Therefore, there is a distinct need for a device that can automatically measure the radioactive contamination for a wide area quickly and easily. The combination of a gamma-ray detector and remote equipment is a useful way to remotely measure the radioactive contamination under high-dose-rate environments.