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Optimal control of renewable energy system integrated with electric vehicle
Published in Rajesh Singh, Anita Gehlot, Intelligent Circuits and Systems, 2021
Muzafar Ahmad Shah, Mohammad Imran Mir, Javed Dhillon
Power systems are a complex and wide electrical network which usually consist of power generator, transmission lines and distribution networks together with loads that are spread over a wide geographic area throughout the network [1]. The machine load in the power system always keeps on altering from period to period, depending on the consumer’s needs. In order to uphold the trustworthiness of the power system and to ensure its stable operation, properly designed controllers are necessary to regulate system variations. The industry’s rapid growth has further contributed to the power system’s increased complexity. Frequency is extremely reliant on active power, and reactive energy is highly hooked on voltage. Thus, the power system governor complexity can be divided into two sections. One has to do with regulating the effective power sideways with frequency, while the other has to do with the reactive power via voltage regulation [2]. The Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC) is commonly known as the real power control and the other as the frequency control. The automatic LFC (ALFC) essentially contracts through the control of the generator’s actual power output yield and its frequency and/or speed. The prime loop is moderately fast in one to numerous seconds where changes occur. The prime control will respond through or via the speed administrator to frequency changes and the flow of steam or hydro is controlled.
Hybrid Microgrids
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Power, 2021
A microgrid, a local energy network, offers integration of distributed energy resources (DER) with local elastic loads, which can operate in parallel with the grid or in an intentional island mode to provide a customized level of high reliability and resilience to grid disturbances. This advanced, integrated distribution system addresses the need for application in locations with electric supply and/or delivery constraints, in remote sites, and for protection of critical loads and economically sensitive development [82]. In principle, a microgrid is any small or local electric power system that is independent of the bulk electric power network. For example, it can be a combined heat and power system based on a natural gas combustion engine (which cogenerates electricity and hot water or steam from water, which is used to cool the natural gas turbine), diesel generators, renewable energy, or fuel cells. As mentioned before, a microgrid can be used to serve the electricity needs of data centers, colleges, hospitals, factories, military bases, or entire communities (i.e., “village power”) [78]. A true microgrid is much more than a backup power system. It also has to include real-time, on-site controls to match the microgrid’s generation and storage capacity to power use in real time, as well as have some way to interact with the grid [83].
Building Construction Technology and Management
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
An electrical power system is a network of electrical components used for power transmission, storage, and use. The grid that supplies power to an expanded area is an example of an electric power system. An electrical grid power system can be widely divided into the generators supplying power, the transmission system supplying power from the generating centers to the load centers, and the distribution system supplying power to nearby homes and industries. Most of these systems rely on three-phase AC power—the standard for large-scale transmission and distribution of power throughout modern times. In aircraft, electrical rail systems, ocean liners and automobiles, specialized power systems which do not always rely on three-phase AC power are found. An electrical supply system consists of three main components, i.e., the power plant, the transmission lines, and the system. Electricity is produced in power plants located in favorable locations, normally very away from consumers. It is then transmitted to load centers over long distances using conductors known as transmission lines. It is finally distributed through a distribution network to a large number of small and large consumers. The electrical supply system can be classified widely in (1) DC or just AC Overhead system (2) or underground system. Three-phase, three-wire AC. The system is universally adopted as an economic proposal for the generation and transmission of electricity. However, electrical power is distributed in 3 phases, 4-wire AC system. The underground system costs more than the overhead system.
“Optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation in power distribution system: a comprehensive review”
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Ankur Kumar, Ritika Verma, Niraj Kumar Choudhary, Nitin Singh
The growth of renewable power has gained momentum in recent years due to its several benefits, and various energy resources that are utilized for the generation of power through renewable energy resources are shown in Figure 3 (). Hydropower is the greatest contributor accounting for 41.1% of total installed capacity through renewable energy sources, followed by solar which shares about 25.3%, Onshore wind energy comprising 24.8%, and then other sources which includes power generation biomass, geothermal, marine energy, mixed hydro plants, and solid biofuels. In general power system is the interconnection of generating, transmitting, and distribution networks. About 70% of power losses in a power system are accounted by a distribution network, while 30% occurred at the transmission level.
Optimal allocation of multiple distributed generation units in power distribution networks for voltage profile improvement and power losses minimization
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Yalew Gebru Werkie, Habtemariam Aberie Kefale
The major components of a power system are generation units, transmission, sub-transmission, distribution system and utilities. Bulkpower is generated at low voltage which has to be steppedup to very high voltage levels before transferring to the customers via long transmission lines. This is done to increase the capacity of the transmission lines and reduce the line losses and voltage drops so that the overall efficiency becomes high (Control & Srinivasan, 2021; Purlu & Turkay, 2022). On the other hand, an electric power utility prioritizes on satisfying system load and the requirement of its customers by ensuring minimum operation cost on the condition that is acceptable to continuity and quality of electricity supply. However, delivering reliable and secure electric power with low cost and high quality to the consumers is still the most challenging task for electrical utilities due to improper network expansion, minimum monitoring and under/overutilization (Popov et al., 2020; Radosavljević et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2019). In addition to this, the day-to-day increase in the population at an alarming rate makes the utility companies to operate the generation unities and associated electrical devices beyond their limit (El-ela et al., 2020; Optimization et al., 2021).
An agile optimization algorithm for vitality management along with fusion of sustainable renewable resources in microgrid
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Power system is the main source for supplying electricity. For the supply of power to residential sectors, grids are commonly employed. Primarily a grid is nothing but a network of interconnected power systems for transmitting electricity from producers to users. A grid can be partitioned into generators, transmission system, and distribution system. Generators are used to supply power, and transmission system transfer power from generators to load centers and the distribution system distributes power to nearby homes and industries. Nowadays, global warming and environmental pollution mostly affect the living areas. Global warming and environmental pollution are caused due to the burning of fossil fuels. To overcome this, clean and sustainable energy sources such as wind, solar, photovoltaic (PV), water, biomass, geothermal, etc. can be used. When there is a power cut, then microgrid (MG) is defined as a small power system and used to supply electricity by the utilization of some renewable energy sources such as (wind, solar, etc.) (Gabbar and Abdelsalam 2014; Kaur, Kaushal, and Basak 2016) MGs are characterized by a set of resources that produce energy (typically distributed generators) and supplying a set of loads supported by storage units allowing the aggregate to function as stand-alone unit (islanded) or interconnected to the main network (Graditi et al. 2015)