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Boilers
Published in Neil Petchers, Combined Heating, Cooling & Power Handbook: Technologies & Applications, 2020
Currently these systems use three types of concentrators: Central receiver (or power tower) systems (Figure 7-42) that use a circular field array of heliostats (individually tracking, highly reflective mirrors) that track the sun and focus it on a central receiver.Parabolic dish systems (Figure 7-43) that use an array of parabolic dish-shaped reflectors (mirrors) to focus/concentrate solar energy onto a receiver located at the focal point of the dish. Fluid in the receiver is heated to a typical temperature of about 1,380°F (750°C). This can be used to produce superheated steam, or, in some systems currently under prototype development, operate an integral, small-capacity engine.Parabolic trough systems (Figure 7-44) that use parabolic trough-shaped reflectors (mirrors) to focus/concentrate sunlight on thermally efficient receiver tubes, running the length of the trough, that contain a heat transfer fluid. The fluid is heated to a typical temperature of about 735°F (390°C) and pumped through a series of heat exchangers to produce superheated steam. The troughs are situated in parallel rows, aligned on a north-south axis that enables the single-axis troughs to track the sun continuously from east to west.
Economics, Energy Management and Conservation
Published in Radian Belu, Energy Storage, Grid Integration, Energy Economics, and the Environment, 2019
In order to evaluate the costs generated by the solar thermal heat usage, a clear and detailed description of the all capital investments, the O&M costs, tax credits, inflation rate, incentives, subsidies, panning and permitting or other legal costs cost is needed. Parabolic trough solar thermal or Dish-Stirling power plant have an average lifespan of 20–25 years, nominal capacity 5 MW and 10 MW, respectively. Specific investment costs are $9000 per kW and about $6500 per kW, respectively and overall operation accounting for 1.5% of the total capital cost. In addition a cost of about $8–$10 per m2 is usually required for the collector maintenance and operation in the case of through solar thermal power plant. The cost of the electricity is about $0.18 per kWh for the through solar thermal power plant, and about $0.25 per kWh for the second thermal power plant. Installed in the high solar radiation areas an average of 2400 operation hours are usually for solar thermal power plants.
Applications of Nanofluids in Solar Thermal Systems
Published in K.R.V. Subramanian, Tubati Nageswara Rao, Avinash Balakrishnan, Nanofluids and Their Engineering Applications, 2019
Kalyani K. Chichghare, Divya P. Barai, Bharat A. Bhanvase
Parabolic trough collectors are solar collectors that have U-shaped troughs to accumulate solar radiations in a small area called heat collector element and consists of water or oil as working fluid situated inside a pipe along the line of focus of the parabolic trough [147–153]. These types of collectors focus direct solar radiations on a focal line parallel to the collector axis. As shown in the Figure 13.12, the focal line has a receiver pipe in which the heat transfer fluid is moving which enhances the enthalpy by absorbing the solar energy concentrated on the pipe walls. The solar radiations must fall parallel to the axis of the collector which is provided with one-axis solar tracking system [154]. Figure 13.12 shows a schematic of parabolic-trough collector [154].
Integrated solar power project based on CSP and PV technologies for Southeast of Turkey
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2022
The main purpose of this detailed technology assessment was to determine the most suitable CSP/PV plant configuration for the solar project applicable to the site determined according to regional meteorological characteristics. Thereby, the emphasis was on plant performance at the given site with its triangular shape, as well as on capital and operating and maintenance (O&M) costs for the proposed two CSP/PV configurations. In CSP technologies, collectors in the form of parabolic troughs are used. Parabolic troughs work by reflectors collecting sun rays in a receiver placed at their focal points. The receiver is a mechanism consisting of a tube in which the circulation fluid is contained. Here, the fluid heats up to 150°C at minimum and 350°C at maximum level. With the heating of the fluid, direct production is started.
Solar-based Kalina cycle integrated with PEM fuel cell boosted by thermoelectric generator: Development and thermodynamic analysis
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Shoaib Khanmohammadi, Hooman Abdi Chaghakaboodi, Farayi Musharavati
A parabolic trough solar collector absorbs the solar energy and this energy transfer to the thermal oil passing through two tubes embedded under the collectors. The oil enters the stored tank and transfers its heat to another thermal oil that runs a separate cycle to transfer heat to a water–ammonia mixture. The second loop also contains a thermal oil stream that first enters the evaporator and the heat is exchanged with a water–ammonia mixture. The water–ammonia mixture as the main working fluid then enters into the separator and converts to the saturated vapor and saturated liquid at points 3 and 4, respectively. The water–ammonia vapor gets into the turbine and produces useful power. The liquid water–ammonia also passes through recuperator I and exchanges some amount of heat with the outlet fluid from the pump discharged from recuperator II.
Experimental study and analysis of air heating system using a parabolic trough solar collector
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2018
Sunil Nain, Anuradha Parinam, Sanjay Kajal
With the increasing global demand for energy and increasing prices of the fossil fuels and pollution, the requirement for the alternatives or renewable energy is getting stronger day by day. Fossil fuels are going to be depleted in the near future that is, coal in 200–300 years and petroleum in 30–50 years (Kumar 2013). As solar energy is the most abundant and promising alternative, efficient and cost-effective equipment for harnessing solar energy is the need of the hour (Wang et al. 2014). Solar energy can be very easily used for producing hot air to replace electrical heaters for space heating and industrial process hot air applications. Parabolic trough collectors are known for a long time, but they did not compete with the flat plate collectors for the domestic space heating applications till now. However, the parabolic trough collectors are widely used since the last decade in power plants. For industrial process heat applications, systems with low cost and light structures are required to produce high temperatures. Parabolic trough collectors can be easily used in these applications to produce temperatures up to 400°C (Kalogirou 2004). These collectors are the line focus concentrators to convert solar radiation to thermal energy at their focus (Garcia et al. 2010). The parabolic trough collector is a complex system that requires knowledge of thermal, structural and optical fields to design it efficiently (Thomas and Guven 1993). Besides, a lot of other concentrators have been also used by researchers all over the world, such as conical air concentrators for air heating (Togrul, Pehlivan, and Akosman 2004).