China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Economic Operation of Energy Generating Systems
Published in Amitava Sil, Saikat Maity, Industrial Power Systems, 2022
Present day power system is invariably supplied by a number of power plants. There is a growing complexity as the more flexible generation technologies like renewable sources are feeding into the system. To achieve good quality of service with minimum cost per unit of energy supplied, it is necessary to have a judicial mix of different sources. The purpose of economic operation of power system is to reduce the operating cost of generation to the minimum. The system control engineer has to consider a number of factors while interchanging energy from one power station to another station. Hydrothermal scheduling plays an important role in the operation planning of power system satisfying constraints related to the two systems. Power systems must always have some amount of operating reserve that can instantly respond to a sudden increase in the electric load or a sudden decrease in the renewable power output. Operating reserve provides a safety margin that helps ensure reliable electricity supply despite variability in the electric load and the renewable power supply.
Hybrid Energy Storage
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Power, 2021
Reliable supply of electric energy is also an important issue. Power outage is regarded as a public emergency as people take the availability of uninterrupted power supply for granted. Electrical energy consumption in a system changes over time due to changes in the power requirements of load devices as well as the users’ behaviors. Load-following power plants (for example, fossil fuel power plants) are intended to handle rapid changes in power demands on the power grid. In addition, the grid requires a certain level of operating reserve, which is made up of spinning and non-spinning reserves, in order to prevent blackouts and brownouts. Spinning reserve denotes the online extra generating capacity to deal with the peak power demand that can arise for a short period of time. Non-spinning reserve, on the other hand, refers to the off-line additional generating capacity that can be turned on and connected to the power grid after a short delay. Both the spinning and non-spinning reserves require extra capital investment by the utility companies for their generation facility setup and operation. Reserve power generation is generally more costly than the normal operation on the power grid. Some countries have only small reserve margin during peak hours, which threatens the power supply and demand match and gives rise to risky operating reserve guard banding. This can be remedied by building extra power plants. However, construction of new power plants requires large capital investment and has social and environmental costs.
Regulatory Actions
Published in Bernard F. Kolanowski, Small-scale Cogeneration Handbook, 2021
The California deregulation bill resulted in a market structure that was very different. Under deregulation, the monopoly was broken, and separate entities were made responsible for generation, transmission and distribution. An Independent System Operator (ISO) was formed to balance supply and demand on the transmission lines. It also operates an ancillary services market to provide operating reserve in the power grid to maintain reliability. A Power Exchange (PX) was set up to determine market clearing price in the Day Ahead Market, Hour Ahead Market, and the Real Time Market.
Optimum Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Suitable For Remote Area
Published in Smart Science, 2019
Mohammad Fathi, Atieh Mehrabipour, Amin Mahmoudi, Abdullah Asuhaimi Bin Mohd Zin, Makbul A. M. Ramli
Figure 5 illustrates the operating strategy flowchart of the proposed hybrid power systems for supplying the load demand as a sample for 24 h. HRES operation strategy considers two main parts: load flowing and cycle charging. It is expected that the systems supply entire load demand if enough solar radiation and wind speed are available. If renewable energy resources could not feed the whole demand, battery bank supply the load accordingly. In the worst condition, without renewable energy recourses and energy saving, diesel generators start feeding the load. The decision on which system operate is based on the energy balance computation and also the status of charging/discharging of the battery is depended on by this system. The operating reserve is the amount of electrical power which is online to support immediate unexpected load variation without delay.
Prospects of a solar-diesel-grid energy system for Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2018
Maria Lorena Tuballa, Michael Lochinvar Abundo
The project lifetime is estimated at 25 years. The annual interest rate is fixed at 6%. The operating reserve as a percentage of annual peak load is 10%. The operating reserve is a capacity that is reserved for a short interval of time in case there is a disruption to the supply. The operating reserve as a percentage of solar power output is set at 25%. The Constraints Inputs required by the software are given in Table 7. The Summary of Cost Inputs is shown in Table 8. The PV initial cost is based on costs found on a solar electric supply for commercial systems (“Commercial, Utility, Government Solar System Cost” 2014) while the generator replacement costs are taken from purchase price information from the university. Battery initial cost is based on online pricing. Converters usually cost $1000 per kW (“Calculate the Cost of Photovoltaic Systems (Home Solar Electricity)” 2015). As of this time, no advanced grid inputs and net metering are assumed since only systems up to 100 kW are allowed sellback to the grid as dictated by the regulations of the Philippines’ Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (Congress of the Philippines 2015).
Feasibility analysis of solar PV/biogas hybrid energy system for rural electrification in Ghana
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Flavio Odoi-Yorke, Stephen Abaase, Mohammed Zebilila, Lawrence Atepor
The maximum annual capacity shortage was set at 0% since the power system must meet the daily electric load demand throughout the year without a shortage. Also, since this study combines solar iradiation and biomass, the minimum renewable fraction was set at 100%. 10% of the hourly electric load is chosen for the operating reserve to ensure a reliable electricity supply. The operation reserve, also known as surplus operating capacity, immediately responds to an abrupt rise in the electric load or an unexpected decline in the renewable power output.