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Modular Systems for Energy Conservation and Efficiency
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Modular Systems for Energy Usage Management, 2020
Another concept that has been developing over the years is a kinetic energy recovery system, often known simply as KERS. KERS is an automotive system for recovering a moving vehicle’s kinetic energy under braking. The recovered energy is stored in a reservoir (for example a flywheel or a battery or super-capacitor which are all modular in nature) for later use under acceleration. Electrical systems use a motor-generator incorporated in the car’s transmission which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Once the energy has been harnessed, it is stored in a battery and released when required. The mechanical KERS system utilizes flywheel technology to recover and store a moving vehicle’s kinetic energy which is otherwise wasted when the vehicle is decelerated. Compared to the alternative of electrical-battery systems, the mechanical KERS system provides a significantly more compact, efficient, lighter, and environmental-friendly solution. There is one other option available, i.e. hydraulic KERS, where braking energy is used to accumulate hydraulic pressure which is then sent to the wheels when required.
Batteries
Published in Tom Denton, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2020
KERS captures and stores energy that is otherwise lost during vehicle deceleration events. As the vehicle slows, kinetic energy is recovered through the KERS continuously variable transmission (CVT) or clutched transmission (CFT) and stored by accelerating a flywheel. As the vehicle gathers speed, energy is released from the flywheel, via the CVT or CFT, back into the driveline. Using this stored energy to reaccelerate the vehicle in place of energy from the engine reduces engine fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.
Comparative Ratings and Properties
Published in Alfred Rufer, Energy Storage, 2017
The kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) is a power assistance system based on the recovery of a moving vehicle’s kinetic energy under braking (Figure 3.23). The recovered energy is stored in a reservoir for later reuse under acceleration. Such systems have been developed for race cars based on different storage technologies. A first example using supercapacitors is described in Reference 13 and was developed under the label of “Formula S2000.”
Modelling and analysis of a gyrostat elastically attached to a vehicle
Published in Vehicle System Dynamics, 2018
Andreas Zwölfer, Günter Bischof
With the advent of non-gimbaled high-speed flywheel-based kinetic-energy recovery systems in automotive applications the interest in the influence of gyroscopic effects on vehicle handling has re-emerged in the past decade [1–7]. A recent vehicle dynamics simulation study [8] investigated the dynamic response of a passenger car to a flywheel-based kinetic-energy recovery system within standardised and non-standardised driving manoeuvres. The flywheel was assumed to be rigidly attached to the chassis body, thus, the effect of flywheel precession due to the compliance of the bearings was left out of the scope of the analysis. The need for a parametric study of support types with varying elasticity and damping for preliminary design analysis, however, requires a more elaborate modelling approach of the gyrostat-vehicle interaction. It is the aim of this paper to avoid the simplifying assumption of a rigid flywheel mounting and re-investigate the influence of a typical high-speed flywheel on the driving dynamics of an average passenger car within an elastic support model.
A review of hydro-pneumatic and flywheel energy storage for hydraulic systems
Published in International Journal of Fluid Power, 2018
Paul M. Cronk, James D. Van de Ven
Guo et al. (2014) presented a hydraulic system functionally identical to that proposed by Triet and Ahn (2011), but they instead proposed to employ a kinetic energy recovery system in an otherwise entirely electric vehicle. Guo’s team experimented with various hydraulic accumulator (4, 6.3 and 10 L) and pump/motor (4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 cc/rev) sizes. It does not appear that the torque or speed of the flywheel, which functioned as the load, were controlled since the pump displacement was constant during each test. The tests validated the time-averaged behaviour of a combination of components which have previously been individually subjected to more rigorous experimental validation (McCandlish and Dorey 1984, Pourmovahed et al. 1988, 1992b, Hong and Doh 2004, Wang 2012).
Flywheel–infinitely variable transmissions for energy recovery capabilities in artificial knee joints
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2018
Roberta Alò, Francesco Bottiglione, Giacomo Mantriota
The novel flywheel–infinitely variable transmission (F-IVT) actuator (Alò et al., 2016a) is an actuator with energy recovery capabilities which achieves an effective motor downsizing by reducing both the motor power and torque requirements. The F-IVT includes a brushless DC motor, a flywheel, an IVT and a harmonic drive (HD) gear. It replicates the same operating principle of an automotive mechanical kinetic energy recovery system: energy is moved from the knee joint to the flywheel where it is stored under the passive phases of walking, and released otherwise (Krishnamachari and Papalambros, 1997; Bottiglione and Mantriota, 2013). The IVT speed ratio (Delkhosh et al., 2014), that changes continuously between a positive and a negative limit values, is crucial in moving energy between the joint and the flywheel, as well as in keeping the motor speed nearly constant while the desired knee speed is always matched. Among the benefits of the F-IVT, the most important one is the stabilization of the motor working point. The motor is required to provide an almost constant power, by far lower than the peak power requested by the knee. Indeed, in the F-IVT the flywheel is the main source of power and the motor, working at nearly fixed operating point, mostly compensates for power losses in the power train. Furthermore, if the motor working point is almost fixed, a smart design can lead to make the motor work always efficiently.