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Conversion of Biomass
Published in Jean-Luc Wertz, Philippe Mengal, Serge Perez, Biomass in the Bioeconomy, 2023
Jean-Luc Wertz, Philippe Mengal, Serge Perez
Hydrothermal processing can be divided into three separate processes, depending on the operating conditions. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) occurs at temperatures between 180°C and 250°C and pressure of 20–40 bar. It produces a solid hydro-char with similar properties to low-rank coal. This is the mildest of the three hydrothermal processing routes. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) occurs at temperatures between 250°C and 375°C and pressures up to 180 bar and produces a liquid biocrude. By catalytic hydro-treatment, biocrude can be upgraded to the whole distillate range of petroleum-derived products. Hydrothermal gasification (HTG) or supercritical water gasification (SCWG) occurs at temperatures above 375°C and higher pressures beyond 200 bar producing syngas. Hydrothermal processing routes can typically feed slurries up to 30 wt% solids.
Bio-based Carbon Materials for Anaerobic Digestion
Published in Paweł K. Zarzycki, Pure and Functionalized Carbon Based Nanomaterials, 2020
Kaijun Wang, Yasir Abbas, Sining Yun
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), as a sustainable technology which requires low energy consumption and can utilize waste biomass as raw materials, is a thermochemical conversion process to yield carbonaceous solid product (Funke and Ziegler 2010). The hydrothermal carbonization lowers the molecular ratio (O/C and H/C) of the feed by dehydration and decarboxylation (Funke and Ziegler 2010). The hydrothermal carbonization is achieved by implementing a suspension of biomass and water in temperature range of 150–350°C under autogenous pressure for several hours, and the detailed hydrothermal carbonization process is shown in Figure 5.3 (Bai et al. 2017).
Phytoremediation of toxic chemicals in aquatic environment with special emphasis on duckweed mediated approaches
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Aparupa Thakuria, Kundan Kumar Singh, Arup Dutta, Eduardo Corton, Devard Stom, Lepakshi Barbora, Pranab Goswami
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an eco-friendly thermochemical process that converts HMW to valuable fuel in the form of carbonaceous material at moderate temperatures and pressures (160–260 °C, 1.4–27.6 MPa). In this process, the subcritical hot water inside a reactor with variable temperatures produces solid fractions (hydrochar) (Antero et al. 2020). Reduction of heavy metals in hydrochars obtained from HTC of contaminated sunflower plants with a substantially greater reduction of Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn than their initial concentration could be achieved (Lee and Park 2021). Moreover, the obtained hydrochar was quantified as low in nitrogen and ash content, which indicates its functionality as a clean energy source. Likewise, the hydrothermal liquefaction (HL) process (270–370 °C, 10–25 MPa) decreases the oxygen content of biomass through dehydration and decarboxylation reaction mechanisms and produces an organic liquid called bio-oil.
Modeling and simulation of a continuous biomass hydrothermal carbonization process
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2020
Jaime Gómez, Giancarlo Corsi, Ernesto Pino-Cortés, Luis A. Díaz-Robles, Valeria Campos, Francisco Cubillos, Stefan K. Pelz, Sebastian Paczkowski, Samuel Carrasco, Javier Silva, Magín Lapuerta, Amparo Pazo, Esperanza Monedero
The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process is defined as a light pyrolysis, at moderate temperatures in a pressurized aqueous environment. The main product of this process is a solid enriched in carbon, with better characteristics than the original biomass, called hydrochar. This process also generates an aqueous product (liquor) rich in organic compounds in addition to non-condensable gases. One of the main characteristics of the solid generated by HTC is its hydrophobicity, due to the chemical transformation and loss of oxygen atoms.